前言

本文来源论文《Simple Copy-Paste is a Strong Data Augmentation Method
for Instance Segmentation》（CVPR2020），对其数据增强方式进行实现。

论文地址：https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.07177

解读：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nKC3bEe3m1eqPDI0LpVTIA

主要思想：
在这里插入图片描述

本文参考该数据增强的语义分割实现[1]，相应修改为对应目标检测的实现，坐标变换的写法参考[2]。

其中，对应的标注信息为txt格式，如果自己的数据集是VOC或COCO格式，可自行修改，也可先转换成txt格式再使用下述代码。

1. 效果展示

数据来源CCPD2019数据集，下图分别为img_main和img_src：

在这里插入图片描述
将img_src的车牌目标“复制-粘贴”到img_main的结果：

新生成的图片大小与img_main一致，空白的部分会补灰边。

代码说明

'''
Descripttion: Data Augment for Object Detection.
version: 1.0.0
Author: lakuite
Date: 2021-08-06 13:37:38
Copyright: Copyright(c) 2021 lakuite. All Rights Reserved
'''import numpy as np
import cv2
import os
import tqdm
import argparse
from skimage.draw import polygon
import randomdef random_flip_horizontal(img, box, p=0.5):'''对img和mask随机进行水平翻转。box为二维np.array。https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41735859/article/details/106468551img[:,:,::-1] gbr-->bgr、img[:,::-1,:] 水平翻转、img[::-1,:,:] 上下翻转'''if np.random.random() < p:w = img.shape[1]img = img[:, ::-1, :]box[:, [0, 2, 4, 6]] = w - box[:, [2, 0, 6, 4]] # 仅针对4个点变换return img, boxdef Large_Scale_Jittering(img, box, min_scale=0.1, max_scale=2.0):'''对img和box进行0.1-2.0的大尺度抖动，并变回h*w的大小。'''rescale_ratio = np.random.uniform(min_scale, max_scale)h, w, _ = img.shape# rescaleh_new, w_new = int(h * rescale_ratio), int(w * rescale_ratio)img = cv2.resize(img, (w_new, h_new), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR)# crop or padding# x,y是随机选择左上角的一个点，让小图片在这个位置，或者让大图片从这个位置开始裁剪x, y = int(np.random.uniform(0, abs(w_new - w))), int(np.random.uniform(0, abs(h_new - h)))# 如果图像缩小了，那么其余部分要填充为像素168大小if rescale_ratio <= 1.0:  # paddingimg_pad = np.ones((h, w, 3), dtype=np.uint8) * 168img_pad[y:y + h_new, x:x + w_new, :] = imgbox[:, [0, 2, 4, 6]] = box[:, [0, 2, 4, 6]] * w_new/w + x # x坐标box[:, [1, 3, 5, 7]] = box[:, [1, 3, 5, 7]] * h_new/h + y # y坐标return img_pad, box# 如果图像放大了，那么要裁剪成h*w的大小else:  # cropimg_crop = img[y:y + h, x:x + w, :]box[:, [0, 2, 4, 6]] = box[:, [0, 2, 4, 6]] * w_new/w - xbox[:, [1, 3, 5, 7]] = box[:, [1, 3, 5, 7]] * h_new/h - yreturn img_crop, boxdef img_add(img_src, img_main, mask_src, box_src):'''将src加到main图像中，结果图还是main图像的大小。'''if len(img_main.shape) == 3:h, w, c = img_main.shapeelif len(img_main.shape) == 2:h, w = img_main.shapesrc_h, src_w = img_src.shape[0], img_src.shape[1]mask = np.asarray(mask_src, dtype=np.uint8)# mask是二值图片，对src进行局部遮挡，即只露出目标物体的像素。sub_img01 = cv2.add(img_src, np.zeros(np.shape(img_src), dtype=np.uint8), mask=mask) # 报错深度不一致mask_02 = cv2.resize(mask, (w, h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_NEAREST)mask_02 = np.asarray(mask_02, dtype=np.uint8)sub_img02 = cv2.add(img_main, np.zeros(np.shape(img_main), dtype=np.uint8),mask=mask_02) # 在main图像上对应位置挖了一块# main图像减去要粘贴的部分的图，然后加上复制过来的图img_main = img_main - sub_img02 + cv2.resize(sub_img01, (w, h),interpolation=cv2.INTER_NEAREST)box_src[:, [0, 2, 4, 6]] = box_src[:, [0, 2, 4, 6]] * w/src_wbox_src[:, [1, 3, 5, 7]] = box_src[:, [1, 3, 5, 7]] * h/src_hreturn img_main, box_srcdef normal_(jpg_path, txt_path="", box=None):"""根据txt获得box或者根据box获得mask。:param jpg_path: 图片路径:param txt_path: x1,y1,x2,y2 x3,y3,x4,y4...:param box: 如果有box，则为根据box生成mask:return: 图像,box 或 掩码"""if isinstance(jpg_path, str): # 如果是路径就读取图片jpg_path = cv2.imread(jpg_path)img = jpg_path.copy()if box is None: # 一定有txt_pathlines = open(txt_path).readlines()box = []for line in lines:ceils = line.strip().split(',')xy = []for ceil in ceils:xy.append(round(float(ceil)))box.append(np.array(xy))return np.array(img), np.array(box)else: # 获得maskh, w = img.shape[:2]mask = np.zeros((h, w), dtype=np.float32)for xy in box: # 对每个框xy = np.array(xy).reshape(-1, 2)cv2.fillPoly(mask, [xy.astype(np.int32)], 1)return np.array(mask)def is_coincide(polygon_1, polygon_2):'''判断2个四边形是否重合:param polygon_1: [x1, y1,...,x4, y4]:param polygon_2::return:  bool，1表示重合'''rr1, cc1 = polygon([polygon_1[i] for i in range(0, len(polygon_1), 2)],[polygon_1[i] for i in range(1, len(polygon_1), 2)])rr2, cc2 = polygon([polygon_2[i] for i in range(0, len(polygon_2), 2)],[polygon_2[i] for i in range(1, len(polygon_2), 2)])try: # 能包含2个四边形的最小矩形长宽r_max = max(rr1.max(), rr2.max()) + 1c_max = max(cc1.max(), cc2.max()) + 1except:return 0# 相当于canvas是包含了2个多边形的一个画布，有2个多边形的位置像素为1，重合位置像素为2canvas = np.zeros((r_max, c_max))canvas[rr1, cc1] += 1canvas[rr2, cc2] += 1intersection = np.sum(canvas == 2)return 1 if intersection!=0 else 0def copy_paste(img_main_path, img_src_path, txt_main_path, txt_src_path, coincide=False, muti_obj=True):'''整个复制粘贴操作，输入2张图的图片和坐标路径，返回其融合后的图像和坐标结果。1. 传入随机选择的main图像和src图像的img和txt路径；2. 对其进行随机水平翻转；3. 对其进行随机抖动；4. 获得src变换完后对应的mask；5. 将src的结果加到main中，返回对应main_new的img和src图的box.'''# 读取图像和坐标img_main, box_main = normal_(img_main_path, txt_main_path)img_src, box_src = normal_(img_src_path, txt_src_path)# 随机水平翻转img_main, box_main = random_flip_horizontal(img_main, box_main)img_src, box_src = random_flip_horizontal(img_src, box_src)# LSJ， Large_Scale_Jittering 大尺度抖动，并变回h*w大小img_main, box_main = Large_Scale_Jittering(img_main, box_main)img_src, box_src = Large_Scale_Jittering(img_src, box_src)if not muti_obj or box_src.ndim==1: # 只复制粘贴一个目标id = random.randint(0, len(box_src)-1)box_src = box_src[id]box_src = box_src[np.newaxis, :] # 增加一维# 获得一系列变换后的img_src的maskmask_src = normal_(img_src_path, box=box_src)# 将src结果加到main图像中，返回main图像的大小的叠加图img, box_src = img_add(img_src, img_main, mask_src, box_src)# 判断融合后的区域是否重合if not coincide:for point_main in box_main:for point_src in box_src:if is_coincide(point_main, point_src):return None, Nonebox = np.vstack((box_main, box_src))return img, boxdef save_res(img, img_path, box, txt_path):'''保存图片和txt坐标结果。'''cv2.imwrite(img_path, img)h, w = img.shape[:2]with open(txt_path, 'w+') as ftxt:for point in box: # [x1,y1,...x4,,y4]strxy = ""for i, p in enumerate(point):if i%2==0: # x坐标p = np.clip(p, 0, w-1)else: # y坐标p = np.clip(p, 0, h-1)strxy = strxy +  str(p) + ','strxy = strxy[:-1] # 去掉最后一个逗号ftxt.writelines(strxy + "\n")def main(args):# 图像和坐标txt文件输入路径JPEGs = os.path.join(args.input_dir, 'jpg')BOXes = os.path.join(args.input_dir, 'txt')# 输出路径os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)os.makedirs(os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'cpAug_jpg'), exist_ok=True)os.makedirs(os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'cpAug_txt'), exist_ok=True)# 参与数据增强的图片名称，不含后缀imgs_list = open(args.aug_txt, 'r').read().splitlines()flag = '.jpg' # 图像的后缀名 .jpg ,pngtbar = tqdm.tqdm(imgs_list, ncols=100)  # 进度条显示for src_name in tbar:# src图像img_src_path = os.path.join(JPEGs, src_name+flag)txt_src_path = os.path.join(BOXes, src_name+'.txt')# 随机选择main图像main_name = np.random.choice(imgs_list)img_main_path = os.path.join(JPEGs, main_name+flag)txt_main_path = os.path.join(BOXes, main_name+'.txt')# 数据增强img, box = copy_paste(img_main_path, img_src_path, txt_main_path, txt_src_path,args.coincide, args.muti_obj)if img is None:continue# 保存结果img_name = "copy_" + src_name + "_paste_" + main_namesave_res(img, os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'cpAug_jpg', img_name+flag),box, os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'cpAug_txt', img_name+'.txt'))def get_args():parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()parser.add_argument("--input_dir", default="./input_dir", type=str,help="要进行数据增强的图像路径，路径结构下应有jpg和txt文件夹")parser.add_argument("--output_dir", default="./output_dir", type=str,help="保存数据增强结果的路径")parser.add_argument("--aug_txt", default="./input_dir/test.txt",type=str, help="要进行数据增强的图像的名字，不包含后缀")parser.add_argument("--coincide", default=False, type=bool,help="True表示允许数据增强后的图像目标出现重合，默认不允许重合")parser.add_argument("--muti_obj", default=False, type=bool,help="True表示将src图上的所有目标都复制粘贴，False表示只随机粘贴一个目标")return parser.parse_args()if __name__ == "__main__":args = get_args()main(args)

图像路径：

input_dir存放要数据增强的图片和其对应的txt，其中图片和txt名称应相同，图片后缀可修改 flag，默认为.jpg。output_dir输出数据增强后的图片，无需创建。
需进行增强的图片列表test.txt，不含后缀：

生成test.txt代码[3]：
在这里插入图片描述

# 获取验证集训练集划分的txt文件，划分仅保存名字，不包含后缀import os
import randomrandom.seed(0)xmlfilepath = './input_dir/txt' # 标签路径
saveBasePath = "./input_dir" # 保存的位置trainval_percent = 0.9 # 训练+验证集的比例，不为1说明有测试集
train_percent = 1 # 训练集在训练+验证集中占的比例，如果代码是从训练集分出的验证集，那就不用改temp_xml = os.listdir(xmlfilepath)
total_xml = []
for xml in temp_xml:if xml.endswith(".txt"):total_xml.append(xml)num = len(total_xml)
list = range(num)
tv = int(num * trainval_percent)
tr = int(tv * train_percent)
trainval = random.sample(list, tv)
train = random.sample(trainval, tr)print("train and val size", tv)
print("traub suze", tr)
ftrainval = open(os.path.join(saveBasePath, 'trainval.txt'), 'w')
ftest = open(os.path.join(saveBasePath, 'test.txt'), 'w')
ftrain = open(os.path.join(saveBasePath, 'train.txt'), 'w')
fval = open(os.path.join(saveBasePath, 'val.txt'), 'w')for i in list:name = total_xml[i][:-4] + '\n'if i in trainval:ftrainval.write(name)if i in train:ftrain.write(name)else:fval.write(name)else:ftest.write(name)ftrainval.close()
ftrain.close()
fval.close()
ftest.close()

运行后可在input_dir下生成4个.txt，其中test.txt仅包含10% input_dir中的图片。

3.标签txt格式：
在这里插入图片描述

3. 参考文档

参考文档
[1] 代码复现：Copy-Paste 数据增强for 语义分割 https://blog.csdn.net/oyezhou/article/details/111696577

[2] 目标检测中的数据增强方法（附详细代码讲解）https://www.cnblogs.com/xiamuzi/p/13471386.html

4. 不合适点

以上是人家的代码，但用在我这边不合适，是因为：它的车牌不会有交叉覆盖，我的是烟火识别，
烟和火是两个目标，有覆盖。所以不合适。

import globimport cv2
import numpy as np
import randomdef crop_image(image, x, y, width, height):cropped_image = image[y:y + height, x:x + width]return cropped_imagedef convert_to_absolute(label, image_width, image_height):class_id, relative_x_center, relative_y_center, relative_width, relative_height = label# 计算边界框的绝对坐标absolute_x_center = relative_x_center * image_widthabsolute_y_center = relative_y_center * image_heightabsolute_width = relative_width * image_widthabsolute_height = relative_height * image_height# 计算边界框的左上角和右下角坐标left = absolute_x_center - absolute_width / 2top = absolute_y_center - absolute_height / 2right = absolute_x_center + absolute_width / 2bottom = absolute_y_center + absolute_height / 2# 返回绝对坐标形式的边界框return [class_id, left, top, right, bottom]def convert_to_yolo_format(class_id, left, top, right, bottom, image_width, image_height):# 计算目标框的中心点坐标和宽高x = (left + right) / 2y = (top + bottom) / 2width = right - leftheight = bottom - top# 将坐标和尺寸归一化到[0, 1]之间x /= image_widthy /= image_heightwidth /= image_widthheight /= image_height# 返回Yolo格式的标注return f"{class_id} {x} {y} {width} {height}"def get_src():img_list = glob.glob(r"E:\Dataset\zhongwaiyun\data_fire(1w)\data_fire(1w)\scr_copy_paste\images\*.jpg")random.shuffle(img_list)img_path = img_list[0]txt_path = img_list[0].replace("images", "txt").replace(".jpg", ".txt")return img_path, txt_pathimg_list = glob.glob(r"E:\Dataset\zhongwaiyun\zwy_make_background\*.jpg")
for img_b_path in img_list:img_a_path, img_a_txt = get_src()image_a = cv2.imread(img_a_path)image_height, image_width, _ = image_a.shapeimg_b_txt = img_b_path.replace(".jpg", ".txt").replace("zwy_make_background", "zwy_make_fire_and_smoke")img_b_path_new = img_b_path.replace("zwy_make_background", "zwy_make_fire_and_smoke")src_location_map = []with open(img_a_txt) as f:for line_str in f:line_info = line_str.strip().split(" ")label = [int(line_info[0]), float(line_info[1]), float(line_info[2]), float(line_info[3]),float(line_info[4])]class_id, left, top, right, bottom = convert_to_absolute(label, image_width, image_height)src_location_map.append([class_id, left, top, right, bottom])image_b = cv2.imread(img_b_path)res_list = []for row in src_location_map:class_id, left, top, right, bottom = rowif left or top or right or bottom:try:# 目标可以出现在空白图片的任何位置,只要没有超过限制即可x = int(left)  # 指定区域的起始横坐标y = int(top)  # 指定区域的起始纵坐标width = int(right - left)  # 指定区域的宽度height = int(bottom - top)  # 指定区域的高度cropped_image_a = crop_image(image_a, int(x), int(y), int(width), int(height))image_b_height, image_b_width, _ = image_b.shapeb_x = random.randint(0, int(image_b_width - width - 5))b_y = random.randint(0, int(image_b_height - height - 5))image_b[b_y:b_y + height, b_x:b_x + width] = cropped_image_ares = convert_to_yolo_format(class_id, b_x, b_y, b_x + width, b_y + height, image_b_width, image_b_height)print("--==", img_b_txt)with open(img_b_txt, "a") as f:f.write(res)cv2.imwrite(img_b_path_new, image_b)breakexcept:break