From：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_37947156/article/details/74436333

 

使用 PyCharm 打开下载好的 Scrapy 源码（github：https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy）

 

 

scrapy命令

 

当用 scrapy 写好一个爬虫后，使用 scrapy crawl <spider_name> 命令就可以运行这个爬虫，那么这个过程中到底发生了什么？ scrapy 命令 从何而来？

实际上，当你成功安装 scrapy 后，使用如下命令，就能找到这个命令：

$ which scrapy
/usr/local/bin/scrapy

使用 vim 或其他编辑器打开它：$ vim /usr/local/bin/scrapy

其实它就是一个 python 脚本，而且代码非常少。

#!/usr/bin/python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re
import sysfrom scrapy.cmdline import executeif __name__ == '__main__':sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw?|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])sys.exit(execute())

安装 scrapy 后，为什么入口点是这里呢？ 原因是在 scrapy 的安装文件 setup.py 中，声明了程序的入口处：

from os.path import dirname, join
from pkg_resources import parse_version
from setuptools import setup, find_packages, __version__ as setuptools_versionwith open(join(dirname(__file__), 'scrapy/VERSION'), 'rb') as f:version = f.read().decode('ascii').strip()def has_environment_marker_platform_impl_support():"""Code extracted from 'pytest/setup.py'https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/blob/7538680c/setup.py#L31The first known release to support environment marker with range operatorsit is 18.5, see:https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/history.html#id235"""return parse_version(setuptools_version) >= parse_version('18.5')extras_require = {}if has_environment_marker_platform_impl_support():extras_require[':platform_python_implementation == "PyPy"'] = ['PyPyDispatcher>=2.1.0',]setup(name='Scrapy',version=version,url='https://scrapy.org',description='A high-level Web Crawling and Web Scraping framework',long_description=open('README.rst').read(),author='Scrapy developers',maintainer='Pablo Hoffman',maintainer_email='pablo@pablohoffman.com',license='BSD',packages=find_packages(exclude=('tests', 'tests.*')),include_package_data=True,zip_safe=False,entry_points={'console_scripts': ['scrapy = scrapy.cmdline:execute']},classifiers=['Framework :: Scrapy','Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable','Environment :: Console','Intended Audience :: Developers','License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License','Operating System :: OS Independent','Programming Language :: Python','Programming Language :: Python :: 2','Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7','Programming Language :: Python :: 3','Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4','Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5','Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6','Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7','Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython','Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy','Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP','Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks','Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',],python_requires='>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*',install_requires=['Twisted>=13.1.0','w3lib>=1.17.0','queuelib','lxml','pyOpenSSL','cssselect>=0.9','six>=1.5.2','parsel>=1.5','PyDispatcher>=2.0.5','service_identity',],extras_require=extras_require,
)

entry_points 指明了入口是 cmdline.py 的 execute 方法，在安装过程中，setuptools 这个包管理工具，就会把上述那一段代码生成放在可执行路径下。

这里也有必要说一下，如何用 python 编写一个可执行文件，其实非常简单，只需要以下几步即可完成：

• 编写一个带有 main 方法的 python 模块（首行必须注明 python 执行路径）
• 去掉.py后缀名
• 修改权限为可执行：chmod +x 脚本

这样，你就可以直接使用文件名执行此脚本了，而不用通过 python <file.py> 的方式去执行，是不是很简单？

 

 

入口(execute.py)

 

既然现在已经知道了 scrapy 的入口是 scrapy/cmdline.py 的 execute 方法，我们来看一下这个方法。

主要的运行流程已经加好注释，这里我总结出了每个流程执行过程：

 

 

流程解析

 

初始化项目配置

这个流程比较简单，主要是根据环境变量和 scrapy.cfg 初始化环境，最终生成一个 Settings 实例，来看代码get_project_settings 方法（from scrapy.utils.project import inside_project, get_project_settings）：

def get_project_settings():# 环境变量中是否有SCRAPY_SETTINGS_MODULE配置if ENVVAR not in os.environ:project = os.environ.get('SCRAPY_PROJECT', 'default')# 初始化环境,找到用户配置文件settings.py,设置到环境变量SCRAPY_SETTINGS_MODULE中init_env(project)# 加载默认配置文件default_settings.py，生成settings实例settings = Settings()# 取得用户配置文件settings_module_path = os.environ.get(ENVVAR)# 更新配置，用户配置覆盖默认配置if settings_module_path:settings.setmodule(settings_module_path, priority='project')# XXX: remove this hack# 如果环境变量中有其他scrapy相关配置则覆盖pickled_settings = os.environ.get("SCRAPY_PICKLED_SETTINGS_TO_OVERRIDE")if pickled_settings:settings.setdict(pickle.loads(pickled_settings), priority='project')# XXX: deprecate and remove this functionalityenv_overrides = {k[7:]: v for k, v in os.environ.items() ifk.startswith('SCRAPY_')}if env_overrides:settings.setdict(env_overrides, priority='project')return settings

这个过程中进行了 Settings 配置初始化 (from scrapy.settings import Settings)：

class Settings(BaseSettings):"""This object stores Scrapy settings for the configuration of internalcomponents, and can be used for any further customization.It is a direct subclass and supports all methods of:class:`~scrapy.settings.BaseSettings`. Additionally, after instantiationof this class, the new object will have the global default settingsdescribed on :ref:`topics-settings-ref` already populated."""def __init__(self, values=None, priority='project'):# Do not pass kwarg values here. We don't want to promote user-defined# dicts, and we want to update, not replace, default dicts with the# values given by the user# 调用父类构造初始化super(Settings, self).__init__()# 把default_settings.py的所有配置set到settings实例中self.setmodule(default_settings, 'default')# Promote default dictionaries to BaseSettings instances for per-key# priorities# 把attributes属性也set到settings实例中for name, val in six.iteritems(self):if isinstance(val, dict):self.set(name, BaseSettings(val, 'default'), 'default')self.update(values, priority)

程序 加载 默认配置文件 default_settings.py 中的所有配置项设置到 Settings 中，且这个配置是有优先级的。

这个默认配置文件 default_settings.py 是非常重要的，个人认为还是有必要看一下里面的内容，这里包含了所有默认的配置，例如：调度器类、爬虫中间件类、下载器中间件类、下载处理器类等等。

在这里就能隐约发现，scrapy 的架构是非常低耦合的，所有组件都是可替换的。什么是可替换呢？

例如：你觉得默认的调度器功能不够用，那么你就可以按照它定义的接口标准，自己实现一个调度器，然后在自己的配置文件中，注册自己写的调度器模块，那么 scrapy 的运行时就会用上你新写的调度器模块了！（scrapy-redis 就是替换 scrapy 中的模块 来实现分布式）

只要在默认配置文件中配置的模块，都是可替换的。

 

检查环境是否在项目中

 

def inside_project():# 检查此环境变量是否存在(上面已设置)scrapy_module = os.environ.get('SCRAPY_SETTINGS_MODULE')if scrapy_module is not None:try:import_module(scrapy_module)except ImportError as exc:warnings.warn("Cannot import scrapy settings module %s: %s" % (scrapy_module, exc))else:return True# 如果环境变量没有，就近查找scrapy.cfg，找得到就认为是在项目环境中return bool(closest_scrapy_cfg())

scrapy 命令有的是依赖项目运行的，有的命令则是全局的，不依赖项目的。这里主要通过就近查找 scrapy.cfg 文件来确定是否在项目环境中。

 

获取可用命令并组装成名称与实例的字典

 

def _get_commands_dict(settings, inproject):# 导入commands文件夹下的所有模块，生成{cmd_name: cmd}的字典集合cmds = _get_commands_from_module('scrapy.commands', inproject)cmds.update(_get_commands_from_entry_points(inproject))# 如果用户自定义配置文件中有COMMANDS_MODULE配置，则加载自定义的命令类cmds_module = settings['COMMANDS_MODULE']if cmds_module:cmds.update(_get_commands_from_module(cmds_module, inproject))return cmdsdef _get_commands_from_module(module, inproject):d = {}# 找到这个模块下所有的命令类(ScrapyCommand子类)for cmd in _iter_command_classes(module):if inproject or not cmd.requires_project:# 生成{cmd_name: cmd}字典cmdname = cmd.__module__.split('.')[-1]d[cmdname] = cmd()return ddef _iter_command_classes(module_name):# TODO: add `name` attribute to commands and and merge this function with# 迭代这个包下的所有模块，找到ScrapyCommand的子类# scrapy.utils.spider.iter_spider_classesfor module in walk_modules(module_name):for obj in vars(module).values():if inspect.isclass(obj) and \issubclass(obj, ScrapyCommand) and \obj.__module__ == module.__name__ and \not obj == ScrapyCommand:yield obj

这个过程主要是，导入 commands 文件夹下的所有模块，生成 {cmd_name: cmd} 字典集合，如果用户在配置文件中配置了自定义的命令类，也追加进去。也就是说，自己也可以编写自己的命令类，然后追加到配置文件中，之后就可以使用自己自定义的命令了。

 

解析执行的命令并找到对应的命令实例

 

def _pop_command_name(argv):i = 0for arg in argv[1:]:if not arg.startswith('-'):del argv[i]return argi += 1

这个过程就是解析命令行，例如 scrapy crawl <spider_name>，解析出 crawl，通过上面生成好的命令字典集合，就能找到commands 模块下的 crawl.py 下的 Command类 的实例。

 

scrapy命令实例解析命令行参数

 

找到对应的命令实例后，调用 cmd.process_options 方法（例如 scrapy/commands/crawl.py）：

class Command(ScrapyCommand):requires_project = Truedef syntax(self):return "[options] <spider>"def short_desc(self):return "Run a spider"def add_options(self, parser):ScrapyCommand.add_options(self, parser)parser.add_option("-a", dest="spargs", action="append", default=[], metavar="NAME=VALUE",help="set spider argument (may be repeated)")parser.add_option("-o", "--output", metavar="FILE",help="dump scraped items into FILE (use - for stdout)")parser.add_option("-t", "--output-format", metavar="FORMAT",help="format to use for dumping items with -o")def process_options(self, args, opts):# 首先调用了父类的process_options,解析统一固定的参数ScrapyCommand.process_options(self, args, opts)try:opts.spargs = arglist_to_dict(opts.spargs)except ValueError:raise UsageError("Invalid -a value, use -a NAME=VALUE", print_help=False)if opts.output:if opts.output == '-':self.settings.set('FEED_URI', 'stdout:', priority='cmdline')else:self.settings.set('FEED_URI', opts.output, priority='cmdline')feed_exporters = without_none_values(self.settings.getwithbase('FEED_EXPORTERS'))valid_output_formats = feed_exporters.keys()if not opts.output_format:opts.output_format = os.path.splitext(opts.output)[1].replace(".", "")if opts.output_format not in valid_output_formats:raise UsageError("Unrecognized output format '%s', set one"" using the '-t' switch or as a file extension"" from the supported list %s" % (opts.output_format,tuple(valid_output_formats)))self.settings.set('FEED_FORMAT', opts.output_format, priority='cmdline')def run(self, args, opts):if len(args) < 1:raise UsageError()elif len(args) > 1:raise UsageError("running 'scrapy crawl' with more than one spider is no longer supported")spname = args[0]self.crawler_process.crawl(spname, **opts.spargs)self.crawler_process.start()if self.crawler_process.bootstrap_failed:self.exitcode = 1

这个过程就是解析命令行其余的参数，固定参数 解析交给 父类 处理，例如输出位置等。其余不同的参数由不同的命令类解析。

 

初始化CrawlerProcess

 

最后初始化 CrawlerProcess 实例，然后运行对应命令实例的 run 方法。

cmd.crawler_process = CrawlerProcess(settings)
_run_print_help(parser, _run_command, cmd, args, opts)

如果运行命令是 scrapy crawl <spider_name>，则运行的就是 commands/crawl.py 的 run：看上面代码中 run 方法

run 方法中调用了 CrawlerProcess 实例的 crawl 和 start，就这样整个爬虫程序就会运行起来了。

先来看 CrawlerProcess 初始化：(scrapy/crawl.py)

class CrawlerProcess(CrawlerRunner):def __init__(self, settings=None, install_root_handler=True):# 调用父类初始化super(CrawlerProcess, self).__init__(settings)# 信号和log初始化install_shutdown_handlers(self._signal_shutdown)configure_logging(self.settings, install_root_handler)log_scrapy_info(self.settings)

构造方法中调用了父类 CrawlerRunner 的构造：

class CrawlerRunner(object):def __init__(self, settings=None):if isinstance(settings, dict) or settings is None:settings = Settings(settings)self.settings = settings# 获取爬虫加载器self.spider_loader = _get_spider_loader(settings)self._crawlers = set()self._active = set()self.bootstrap_failed = False

初始化时，调用了  _get_spider_loader 方法：

def _get_spider_loader(settings):""" Get SpiderLoader instance from settings """# 读取配置文件中的SPIDER_MANAGER_CLASS配置项if settings.get('SPIDER_MANAGER_CLASS'):warnings.warn('SPIDER_MANAGER_CLASS option is deprecated. ''Please use SPIDER_LOADER_CLASS.',category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)cls_path = settings.get('SPIDER_MANAGER_CLASS',settings.get('SPIDER_LOADER_CLASS'))loader_cls = load_object(cls_path)try:verifyClass(ISpiderLoader, loader_cls)except DoesNotImplement:warnings.warn('SPIDER_LOADER_CLASS (previously named SPIDER_MANAGER_CLASS) does ''not fully implement scrapy.interfaces.ISpiderLoader interface. ''Please add all missing methods to avoid unexpected runtime errors.',category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)return loader_cls.from_settings(settings.frozencopy())

默认配置文件中的 spider_loader 配置是 spiderloader.SpiderLoader：（scrapy/spiderloader.py）

@implementer(ISpiderLoader)
class SpiderLoader(object):"""SpiderLoader is a class which locates and loads spidersin a Scrapy project."""def __init__(self, settings):# 配置文件获取存放爬虫脚本的路径self.spider_modules = settings.getlist('SPIDER_MODULES')self.warn_only = settings.getbool('SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY')self._spiders = {}self._found = defaultdict(list)# 加载所有爬虫self._load_all_spiders()def _check_name_duplicates(self):dupes = ["\n".join("  {cls} named {name!r} (in {module})".format(module=mod, cls=cls, name=name)for (mod, cls) in locations)for name, locations in self._found.items()if len(locations)>1]if dupes:msg = ("There are several spiders with the same name:\n\n""{}\n\n  This can cause unexpected behavior.".format("\n\n".join(dupes)))warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)def _load_spiders(self, module):for spcls in iter_spider_classes(module):self._found[spcls.name].append((module.__name__, spcls.__name__))self._spiders[spcls.name] = spclsdef _load_all_spiders(self):# 组装成{spider_name: spider_cls}的字典for name in self.spider_modules:try:for module in walk_modules(name):self._load_spiders(module)except ImportError as e:if self.warn_only:msg = ("\n{tb}Could not load spiders from module '{modname}'. ""See above traceback for details.".format(modname=name, tb=traceback.format_exc()))warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning)else:raiseself._check_name_duplicates()@classmethoddef from_settings(cls, settings):return cls(settings)def load(self, spider_name):"""Return the Spider class for the given spider name. If the spidername is not found, raise a KeyError."""try:return self._spiders[spider_name]except KeyError:raise KeyError("Spider not found: {}".format(spider_name))def find_by_request(self, request):"""Return the list of spider names that can handle the given request."""return [name for name, cls in self._spiders.items()if cls.handles_request(request)]def list(self):"""Return a list with the names of all spiders available in the project."""return list(self._spiders.keys())

爬虫加载器会加载所有的爬虫脚本，最后生成一个 {spider_name: spider_cls} 的字典。

 

执行 crawl 和 start 方法

 

CrawlerProcess 初始化完之后，调用 crawl 方法：

class CrawlerRunner(object):def __init__(self, settings=None):if isinstance(settings, dict) or settings is None:settings = Settings(settings)self.settings = settingsself.spider_loader = _get_spider_loader(settings)self._crawlers = set()self._active = set()self.bootstrap_failed = False@propertydef spiders(self):warnings.warn("CrawlerRunner.spiders attribute is renamed to ""CrawlerRunner.spider_loader.",category=ScrapyDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)return self.spider_loaderdef crawl(self, crawler_or_spidercls, *args, **kwargs):# 创建crawlercrawler = self.create_crawler(crawler_or_spidercls)return self._crawl(crawler, *args, **kwargs)def _crawl(self, crawler, *args, **kwargs):self.crawlers.add(crawler)# 调用Crawler的crawl方法d = crawler.crawl(*args, **kwargs)self._active.add(d)def _done(result):self.crawlers.discard(crawler)self._active.discard(d)self.bootstrap_failed |= not getattr(crawler, 'spider', None)return resultreturn d.addBoth(_done)def create_crawler(self, crawler_or_spidercls):# 如果是字符串,则从spider_loader中加载这个爬虫类if isinstance(crawler_or_spidercls, Crawler):return crawler_or_spidercls# 否则创建Crawlerreturn self._create_crawler(crawler_or_spidercls)def _create_crawler(self, spidercls):if isinstance(spidercls, six.string_types):spidercls = self.spider_loader.load(spidercls)return Crawler(spidercls, self.settings)def stop(self):"""Stops simultaneously all the crawling jobs taking place.Returns a deferred that is fired when they all have ended."""return defer.DeferredList([c.stop() for c in list(self.crawlers)])@defer.inlineCallbacksdef join(self):"""join()Returns a deferred that is fired when all managed :attr:`crawlers` havecompleted their executions."""while self._active:yield defer.DeferredList(self._active)

这个过程会创建 Cralwer 实例，然后调用它的 crawl 方法：(scrapy/crawl.py 中 class Crawler )

    @defer.inlineCallbacksdef crawl(self, *args, **kwargs):assert not self.crawling, "Crawling already taking place"self.crawling = Truetry:# 到现在，才是实例化一个爬虫实例self.spider = self._create_spider(*args, **kwargs)# 创建引擎self.engine = self._create_engine()# 调用爬虫类的start_requests方法start_requests = iter(self.spider.start_requests())# 执行引擎的open_spider，并传入爬虫实例和初始请求yield self.engine.open_spider(self.spider, start_requests)yield defer.maybeDeferred(self.engine.start)except Exception:# In Python 2 reraising an exception after yield discards# the original traceback (see https://bugs.python.org/issue7563),# so sys.exc_info() workaround is used.# This workaround also works in Python 3, but it is not needed,# and it is slower, so in Python 3 we use native `raise`.if six.PY2:exc_info = sys.exc_info()self.crawling = Falseif self.engine is not None:yield self.engine.close()if six.PY2:six.reraise(*exc_info)raise

最后调用 start 方法：

    def start(self, stop_after_crawl=True):"""This method starts a Twisted `reactor`_, adjusts its pool size to:setting:`REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE`, and installs a DNS cache basedon :setting:`DNSCACHE_ENABLED` and :setting:`DNSCACHE_SIZE`.If `stop_after_crawl` is True, the reactor will be stopped after allcrawlers have finished, using :meth:`join`.:param boolean stop_after_crawl: stop or not the reactor when allcrawlers have finished"""if stop_after_crawl:d = self.join()# Don't start the reactor if the deferreds are already firedif d.called:returnd.addBoth(self._stop_reactor)reactor.installResolver(self._get_dns_resolver())# 配置reactor的池子大小(可修改REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE调整)tp = reactor.getThreadPool()tp.adjustPoolsize(maxthreads=self.settings.getint('REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE'))reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('before', 'shutdown', self.stop)# 开始执行reactor.run(installSignalHandlers=False)  # blocking call

reactor 是个什么东西呢？它是 Twisted 模块的 事件管理器，只要把需要执行的事件方法注册到 reactor 中，然后调用它的 run 方法，它就会帮你执行注册好的事件方法，如果遇到 网络IO 等待，它会自动帮你切换可执行的事件方法，非常高效。

大家不用在意 reactor 是如何工作的，你可以把它想象成一个线程池，只是采用注册回调的方式来执行事件。

到这里，爬虫的之后调度逻辑就交由引擎 ExecuteEngine 处理了。

在每次执行 scrapy 命令 时，主要经过环境、配置初始化，加载命令类 和 爬虫模块，最终实例化执行引擎，交给引擎调度处理的流程，下篇文章会讲解执行引擎是如何调度和管理各个组件工作的。