python 接口、继承、重载运算符

文章目录

- 1. 序列`__getitem__`
- 2. `__setitem__`
- 3. 抽象基类
- 4. 不要直接子类化内置类型
- 5. 继承顺序
- 6. 重载运算符

learn from 《流畅的python》

1. 序列`getitem`

如果没有 __iter__ 和 __contains__ 方法，
Python 会调用 __getitem__ 方法，
设法让迭代和 in 运算符可用

class Foo:def __getitem__(self, pos):return range(0, 30, 10)[pos]f = Foo()
print(f[1])  # 10
for i in f:print(i)  # 0, 10, 20
# 如果没有 __iter__ 和 __contains__ 方法，
# Python 会调用 __getitem__ 方法，
# 设法让迭代和 in 运算符可用

2. `setitem`

import collectionsCard = collections.namedtuple('Card', ['rank', 'suit'])class FrenchDeck:ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2, 11)] + list('JQKA')suits = 'spades diamonds clubs hearts'.split()def __init__(self):self._cards = [Card(rank, suit) for suit in self.suits for rank in self.ranks]def __len__(self):return len(self._cards)def __getitem__(self, position):return self._cards[position]def __str__(self):return ",".join(str(i) for i in self._cards)from random import shuffledeck = FrenchDeck()
print(str(deck))
# Card(rank='2', suit='spades'),Card(rank='3', suit='spades'),Card(rank='4', suit='spades'),Card(rank='5', suit='spades'),Card(rank='6', suit='spades'),Card(rank='7', suit='spades'),Card(rank='8', suit='spades'),Card(rank='9', suit='spades'),Card(rank='10', suit='spades'),Card(rank='J', suit='spades'),Card(rank='Q', suit='spades'),Card(rank='K', suit='spades'),Card(rank='A', suit='spades'),Card(rank='2', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='3', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='4', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='5', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='6', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='7', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='8', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='9', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='10', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='J', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='Q', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='K', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='A', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='2', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='3', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='4', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='5', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='6', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='7', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='8', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='9', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='10', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='J', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='Q', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='K', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='A', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='2', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='3', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='4', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='5', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='6', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='7', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='8', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='9', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='10', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='J', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='Q', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='K', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='A', suit='hearts')
shuffle(deck)  # TypeError: 'FrenchDeck' object does not support item assignment

加入__setitem__

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):self._cards[key] = value

shuffle(deck) 
print(str(deck))
# 牌被随机打乱了
# Card(rank='6', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='2', suit='spades'),Card(rank='3', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='A', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='7', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='Q', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='5', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='6', suit='spades'),Card(rank='5', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='8', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='K', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='Q', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='8', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='3', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='Q', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='A', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='9', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='7', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='A', suit='spades'),Card(rank='J', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='3', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='4', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='Q', suit='spades'),Card(rank='10', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='10', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='K', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='2', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='4', suit='spades'),Card(rank='3', suit='spades'),Card(rank='7', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='9', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='J', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='J', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='10', suit='spades'),Card(rank='4', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='7', suit='spades'),Card(rank='9', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='2', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='6', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='K', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='4', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='A', suit='hearts'),Card(rank='K', suit='spades'),Card(rank='2', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='J', suit='spades'),Card(rank='8', suit='spades'),Card(rank='5', suit='spades'),Card(rank='9', suit='spades'),Card(rank='10', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='8', suit='clubs'),Card(rank='6', suit='diamonds'),Card(rank='5', suit='clubs')

或者在类外打补丁 FrenchDeck.__setitem__ = 函数

def set_card(deck, position, card):deck._cards[position] = cardFrenchDeck.__setitem__ = set_card

3. 抽象基类

class Test:def __len__(self):return 24from collections import abcprint(isinstance(Test(), abc.Sized)) # True

只要实现了 __len__() 方法，就可以被 abc.Sized 识别为子类

4. 不要直接子类化内置类型

class AnswerDict(dict):def __getitem__(self, key):return 24ad = AnswerDict(a="good")
print(ad['a'])  # 24
d = {}
d.update(ad)
print(d['a'])  # good
print(ad)  # {'a': 'good'}
print(d)  # {'a': 'good'}

直接子类化内置类型（如 dict、list 或 str）容易出错，因为 内置类型的方法通常会忽略用户覆盖的方法。
不要子类化内置类型，用户自己定义的类 应该继承 collections 模块 中的类，例如 UserDict、UserList 和 UserString，这些类做了特殊设计，因此易于扩展

import collectionsclass AnswerDict2(collections.UserDict):def __getitem__(self, key):return 24
ad = AnswerDict2(a="good")
print(ad['a'])  # 24
d = {}
d.update(ad)
print(d['a'])  # 24
print(ad)  # {'a': 'good'}
print(d)  # {'a': 24}