字符串拼接问题应该是每个Java程序员都熟知的事情了,几乎每个Java程序员都读过关于StringBuffer/StringBuilder来拼接字符串。
在大多数的教程中,也许你会看到用+号拼接字符串会生成多个String,导致性能过差,建议使用StringBuffer/StringBuilder来拼接。
可是真的是这样的吗?
本文在JDK8中做了如下实验:
public static void main(String[] args) {String result = "";result += "some more data";System.out.println(result);}
通过javap -c来反编译得到:
Code:0: aload_0 // Push 'this' on to the stack1: invokespecial #1 // Invoke Object class constructor// pop 'this' ref from the stack4: return // Return from constructorpublic static void main(java.lang.String[]);Code:0: ldc #2 // Load constant #2 on to the stack2: astore_1 // Create local var from stack (pop #2)3: new #3 // Push new StringBuilder ref on stack6: dup // Duplicate value on top of the stack7: invokespecial #4 // Invoke StringBuilder constructor// pop object reference10: aload_1 // Push local variable containing #211: invokevirtual #5 // Invoke method StringBuilder.append()// pop obj reference + parameter// push result (StringBuilder ref)14: ldc #6 // Push "some more data" on the stack16: invokevirtual #5 // Invoke StringBuilder.append// pop twice, push result19: invokevirtual #7 // Invoke StringBuilder.toString:();22: astore_1 // Create local var from stack (pop #6)23: getstatic #8 // Push value System.out:PrintStream26: aload_1 // Push local variable containing #627: invokevirtual #9 // Invoke method PrintStream.println()// pop twice (object ref + parameter)30: return // Return void from method
可以看到Java编译器优化了生成的字节码,自动创建了一个StringBuilder,并进行append操作。
由于构建最终字符串的子字符串在编译时已经已知了,在这种情况下Java编译器才会进行如上的优化。这种优化称为a static string concatenation optimization,自JDK5时就开始启用。
那是否就能说明在JDK5以后,我们不再需要手动生成StringBuilder,通过+号也能达到同样的性能?
我们尝试下动态拼接字符串:
动态拼接字符串指的是仅在运行时才知道最终字符串的子字符串。比如在循环中增加字符串:
public static void main(String[] args) {String result = "";for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {result += "some more data";}System.out.println(result);}
同样反编译:
Code:0: aload_0 // Push 'this' on to the stack1: invokespecial #1 // Invoke Object class constructor// pop 'this' ref from the stack4: return // Return from constructorpublic static void main(java.lang.String[]);Code:0: ldc #2 // Load constant #2 on to the stack2: astore_1 // Create local var from stack, pop #23: iconst_0 // Push value 0 onto the stack4: istore_2 // Pop value and store it in local var5: iload_2 // Push local var 2 on to the stack6: i2d // Convert int to double on// top of stack (pop + push)7: ldc2_w #3 // Push constant 10e6 on to the stack10: dcmpg // Compare two doubles on top of stack// pop twice, push result: -1, 0 or 111: ifge 40 // if value on top of stack is greater// than or equal to 0 (pop once)// branch to instruction at code 4014: new #5 // Push new StringBuilder ref on stack17: dup // Duplicate value on top of the stack18: invokespecial #6 // Invoke StringBuilder constructor// pop object reference21: aload_1 // Push local var 1 (empty String)// on to the stack22: invokevirtual #7 // Invoke StringBuilder.append// pop obj ref + param, push result25: ldc #8 // Push "some more data" on the stack27: invokevirtual #7 // Invoke StringBuilder.append// pop obj ref + param, push result30: invokevirtual #9 // Invoke StringBuilder.toString// pop object reference33: astore_1 // Create local var from stack (pop)34: iinc 2, 1 // Increment local variable 2 by 137: goto 5 // Move to instruction at code 540: getstatic #10 // Push value System.out:PrintStream43: aload_1 // Push local var 1 (result String)44: invokevirtual #11 // Invoke method PrintStream.println()// pop twice (object ref + parameter)47: return // Return void from method
可以看到在14的时候new了StringBuilder,但是在37的时候goto到了5,在循环过程中,并没有达到最优化,不断在生成新的StringBuilder。
所以上述代码类似:
String result = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {StringBuilder tmp = new StringBuilder();tmp.append(result);tmp.append("some more data");result = tmp.toString();
}
System.out.println(result);
可以看到不断生成新的StringBuilder,并且通过tostring,原来的StringBuilder将不再引用,作为垃圾,也增加了GC成本。
所以,在实际的使用中,当你无法区分字符串是静态拼接还是动态拼接的时候,还是使用StringBuilder吧。
Reference:
http://www.pellegrino.link/2015/08/22/string-concatenation-with-java-8.html
来源:开源中国---Hosee
链接:https://my.oschina.net/hosee/blog/1786130
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