纯虚函数和抽象类
1.基本概念
2.案例
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;////面向抽象类编程(面向一套预先定义好的接口编程)//解耦合 ....模块的划分class Figure //抽象类
{
public://阅读一个统一的界面(接口),让子类使用,让子类必须去实现virtual void getArea() = 0 ; //纯虚函数
protected:
private:
};class Circle : public Figure
{
public:Circle(int a, int b){this->a = a;this->b = b;}virtual void getArea(){cout<<"圆形的面积: "<<3.14*a*a<<endl;;}private:int a;int b;
};class Tri : public Figure
{
public:Tri(int a, int b){this->a = a;this->b = b;}virtual void getArea() {cout<<"三角形的面积: "<<a*b/2<<endl;;}private:int a;int b;
};class Square : public Figure
{
public:Square(int a, int b){this->a = a;this->b = b;}virtual void getArea() {cout<<"四边形的面积: "<<a*b<<endl;;}private:int a;int b;
};void objplay(Figure *base)
{base->getArea(); //会发生多态
}void main511()
{//Figure f; //抽象类不能被实例化Figure *base = NULL; //抽象类不能被实例化Circle c1(10, 20);Tri t1(20, 30);Square s1(50, 60);//面向抽象类编程(面向一套预先定义好的接口编程)objplay(&c1);objplay(&t1);objplay(&s1);//c1.getArea();cout<<"hello..."<<endl;system("pause");return ;
}
3.抽象类在多继承中的应用
C++中没有Java中的接口概念,抽象类可以模拟Java中的接口类。(接口和协议)
工程上的多继承
- 被实际开发经验抛弃的多继承
- 工程开发中真正意义上的多继承是几乎不被使用的
- 多重继承带来的代码复杂性远多于其带来的便利
- 多重继承对代码维护性上的影响是灾难性的
- 在设计方法上,任何多继承都可以用单继承代替
多继承中的二义性和多继承不能解决的问题
C++没有接口只有多继承和抽象类
- 绝大多数面向对象语言都不支持多继承
- 绝大多数面向对象语言都支持接口的概念
- C++中没有接口的概念
- C++中可以使用纯虚函数实现接口
- 接口类中只有函数原型定(纯虚函数)义,没有任何数据的定义。
class Interface
{public:virtual void func1() = 0;virtual void func2(int i) = 0;virtual void func3(int i) = 0;
};
实际工程经验证明
- 多重继承接口不会带来二义性和复杂性等问题
- 多重继承可以通过精心设计用单继承和接口来代替
- 接口类只是一个功能说明,而不是功能实现。
- 子类需要根据功能说明定义功能实现。
多继承的二义性
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;class B
{
public:int b;
protected:
private:
};class B1 : virtual public B
{
public:int b1;
protected:
private:
};class B2 : virtual public B
{
public:int b2;
protected:
private:
};class C : public B1, public B2
{
public:int c;
protected:
private:
};void main61()
{C myc;myc.c = 10;myc.b = 100;//二义性 error C2385: 对“b”的访问不明确cout<<"hello..."<<endl;system("pause");return ;
}
- 抽象类和多继承更配哦
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;class Interface1
{
public:virtual int add(int a, int b) = 0;virtual void print() = 0;
};class Interface2
{
public:virtual int mult(int a, int b) = 0;virtual void print() = 0;
};class Parent
{
public:int getA(){a = 0;return a;}
protected:
private:int a;
};class Child : public Parent, public Interface1, public Interface2
{
public:virtual int add(int a, int b){cout<<"Child: add()已经执行\n";return a + b;}virtual void print(){cout<<"Child: print()已经执行\n";}virtual int mult(int a, int b){cout<<"Child: mult()已经执行\n";return a*b;}
protected:
private:
};void main71()
{Child c1;c1.print();Interface1 *it1 = &c1;it1->add(1, 2);Interface2 *it2 = &c1;it2->mult(3, 6);cout<<"hello..."<<endl;system("pause");return ;
}
4.面向抽象类编程
- 计算程序猿工资
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;class programer{
public:virtual int getSal() = 0;
};class junior_programer :public programer
{
private:char *name;char *obj;int sal;
public:junior_programer(char *_name,char *_obj,int _sal){name = _name;obj = _obj;sal = _sal;}virtual int getSal(){cout << name << " " << obj << ": " << sal << endl;return sal;}
protected:
};class mid_programer :public programer
{
private:char *name;char *obj;int sal;
public:mid_programer(char *_name, char *_obj, int _sal){name = _name;obj = _obj;sal = _sal;}virtual int getSal(){cout << name << " " << obj << ": " << sal << endl;return sal;}
protected:
};class adv_programer :public programer
{
private:char *name;char *obj;int sal;
public:adv_programer(char *_name, char *_obj, int _sal){name = _name;obj = _obj;sal = _sal;}virtual int getSal(){cout << name << " " << obj << ": " << sal << endl;return sal;}
protected:
};class arch_programer :public programer
{
private:char *name;char *obj;int sal;
public:arch_programer(char *_name, char *_obj, int _sal){name = _name;obj = _obj;sal = _sal;}virtual int getSal(){cout << name << " " << obj << ": " << sal << endl;return sal;}
protected:
};void CalProgSal(programer *base)
{base->getSal();
}int main(void)
{junior_programer jp("小王", "初级", 4000);mid_programer mp("小张", "中级", 8600);adv_programer ap("小李", "高级", 15000);//系统扩展arch_programer ar("高水平学员", "架构师", 24000);CalProgSal(&jp);CalProgSal(&mp);CalProgSal(&ap);CalProgSal(&ar);cout<<"Hello!"<<endl;system("pause");return 0;
}
5.socket库c++模型设计和实现
企业信息系统框架集成第三方产品
- 案例背景:一般的企业信息系统都有成熟的框架。软件框架一般不发生变化,能自由的集成第三方厂商的产品。
- 案例需求:请你在企业信息系统框架中集成第三方厂商的Socket通信产品和第三方厂商加密产品。
- 第三方厂商的Socket通信产品:完成两点之间的通信
- 第三方厂商加密产品:完成数据发送时加密;数据解密时解密。
案例要求:
1)能支持多个厂商的Socket通信产品入围
2)能支持多个第三方厂商加密产品的入围
3)企业信息系统框架不轻易发生框架
需求实现
- 思考1:企业信息系统框架、第三方产品如何分层
- 思考2:企业信息系统框架,如何自由集成第三方产品
(软件设计:模块要求松、接口要求紧) - 思考3:软件分成以后,开发企业信息系统框架的程序员,应该做什么?第三方产品入围应该做什么?
编码实现
分析有多少个类 CSocketProtocol CSckFactoryImp1 CSckFactoryImp2
CEncDesProtocol HwEncdes ciscoEncdes
1、 定义 CSocketProtocol 抽象类
2、 编写框架函数
3、 编写框架测试函数
4、 厂商1(CSckFactoryImp1)实现CSocketProtocol、厂商2(CSckFactoryImp1)实现CSocketProtoco
5、 抽象加密接口(CEncDesProtocol)、加密厂商1(CHwImp)、加密厂商2(CCiscoImp)),集成实现业务模型
6、 框架(c语言函数方式,框架函数;c++类方式,框架类)
几个重要的面向对象思想
* 继承-组合(强弱)
* 注入
* 控制反转 IOC
* MVC
* 面向对象思想扩展aop思想:aop思想是对继承编程思想的有力的补充
实现步骤
- 定义socket的抽象类和纯虚函数
#pragma once#include <iostream>
using namespace std;class CSocketProtocol
{
public:CSocketProtocol(){;}virtual ~CSocketProtocol() //虚析构函数的细节{;}//客户端初始化 获取handle上下virtual int cltSocketInit( /*out*/) = 0; //客户端发报文virtual int cltSocketSend( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int buflen /*in*/) = 0; //客户端收报文virtual int cltSocketRev( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int *buflen /*in out*/) = 0;//客户端释放资源virtual int cltSocketDestory() = 0;};
2.厂商一的功能实现
- 类的头文件
#pragma once#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "CSocketProtocol.h"class CSckFactoryImp1 : public CSocketProtocol
{
public://客户端初始化 获取handle上下virtual int cltSocketInit( /*out*/); //客户端发报文virtual int cltSocketSend( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int buflen /*in*/); //客户端收报文virtual int cltSocketRev( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int *buflen /*in out*/);//客户端释放资源virtual int cltSocketDestory();private:unsigned char *p;int len ;
};
- 类的实现文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;#include "CSckFactoryImp1.h"//客户端初始化 获取handle上下int CSckFactoryImp1::cltSocketInit( /*out*/){p = NULL;len = 0 ;return 0;}//客户端发报文int CSckFactoryImp1::cltSocketSend( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int buflen /*in*/){p = (unsigned char * ) malloc(sizeof(unsigned char) * buflen);if (p == NULL){return -1;}memcpy(p, buf, buflen);len = buflen;return 0;}//客户端收报文int CSckFactoryImp1::cltSocketRev( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int *buflen /*in out*/){if (buf==NULL || buflen==NULL){return -1;}*buflen = this->len ;memcpy(buf, this->p, this->len);return 0;}//客户端释放资源int CSckFactoryImp1::cltSocketDestory(){if (p != NULL){free(p);p = NULL;len = 0;}return 0;}
3.厂商二的功能实现
- 类的头文件
#pragma once#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "CSocketProtocol.h"class CSckFactoryImp2 : public CSocketProtocol
{
public://客户端初始化 获取handle上下virtual int cltSocketInit( /*out*/); //客户端发报文virtual int cltSocketSend( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int buflen /*in*/); //客户端收报文virtual int cltSocketRev( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int *buflen /*in out*/);//客户端释放资源virtual int cltSocketDestory();private:unsigned char *p;int len ;
};
- 类的实现文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;#include "CSckFactoryImp2.h"//客户端初始化 获取handle上下
int CSckFactoryImp2::cltSocketInit( /*out*/)
{p = NULL;len = 0 ;return 0;
}//客户端发报文
int CSckFactoryImp2::cltSocketSend( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int buflen /*in*/)
{p = (unsigned char * ) malloc(sizeof(unsigned char) * buflen);if (p == NULL){return -1;}memcpy(p, buf, buflen);len = buflen;return 0;
}//客户端收报文
int CSckFactoryImp2::cltSocketRev( unsigned char *buf /*in*/, int *buflen /*in out*/)
{if (buf==NULL || buflen==NULL){return -1;}*buflen = this->len ;memcpy(buf, this->p, this->len);return 0;
}//客户端释放资源
int CSckFactoryImp2::cltSocketDestory()
{if (p != NULL){free(p);p = NULL;len = 0;}return 0;
}
4.测试socket功能文件
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;#include "CSocketProtocol.h"
#include "CSckFactoryImp1.h"
#include "CSckFactoryImp2.h"//面向抽象类编程,框架实现完毕
int SckSendAndRec01(CSocketProtocol *sp, unsigned char *in, int inlen, unsigned char *out, int *outlen)
{int ret = 0;ret = sp->cltSocketInit();if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketSend(in, inlen);if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketRev(out, outlen);if (ret != 0){goto End;}End:ret = sp->cltSocketDestory();return 0;
}//写一个框架
int main011()
{int ret = 0;unsigned char in[4096];int inlen;unsigned char out[4096];int outlen = 0;strcpy((char *)in, "aadddddddddddaaaaaaaaaaa");inlen = 9;CSocketProtocol *sp = NULL;//sp = new CSckFactoryImp1sp = new CSckFactoryImp2; //ret = SckSendAndRec01(sp, in, inlen, out, &outlen);if (ret != 0){printf("func SckSendAndRec() err:%d \n", ret);return ret;}delete sp; //想通过父类指针 释放所有的子类对象的资源 ..cout<<"hello..."<<endl;system("pause");return ret;
}
5.加密协议抽象类的定义
#pragma onceclass CEncDesProtocol
{
public:CEncDesProtocol(){}virtual ~CEncDesProtocol(){}virtual int EncData(unsigned char *plain, int plainlen, unsigned char *cryptdata, int *cryptlen) = 0;virtual int DecData(unsigned char *cryptdata, int cryptlen, unsigned char *plain, int *plainlen) = 0;};
6.厂商一的加密功能实现
- 类的头文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;#include "CEncDesProtocol.h"class HwEncDec : public CEncDesProtocol
{
public:virtual int EncData(unsigned char *plain, int plainlen, unsigned char *cryptdata, int *cryptlen);virtual int DecData(unsigned char *cryptdata, int cryptlen, unsigned char *plain, int *plainlen);
};
- 类的实现文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "HwEncDec.h"
#include "des.h"int HwEncDec::EncData(unsigned char *plain, int plainlen, unsigned char *cryptdata, int *cryptlen)
{int ret = 0;//用户使用的函数ret = DesEnc(plain,plainlen, cryptdata, cryptlen);if (ret != 0){printf("func DesEnc() err:%d \n ", ret);return ret;}return ret;
}int HwEncDec::DecData(unsigned char *cryptdata, int cryptlen, unsigned char *plain, int *plainlen)
{int ret = 0;//用户使用函数des解密ret = DesDec(cryptdata, cryptlen, plain, plainlen);if (ret != 0){printf("func DesDec() err:%d \n ", ret);return ret;}return ret;
}
7.加密功能的测试文件
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;#include "CSocketProtocol.h"
#include "CSckFactoryImp1.h"
#include "CSckFactoryImp2.h"#include "CEncDesProtocol.h"
#include "HwEncDec.h"//面向抽象类编程,框架实现完毕
int SckSendAndRec(CSocketProtocol *sp, unsigned char *in, int inlen, unsigned char *out, int *outlen)
{int ret = 0;ret = sp->cltSocketInit();if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketSend(in, inlen);if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketRev(out, outlen);if (ret != 0){goto End;}End:ret = sp->cltSocketDestory();return 0;
}//面向抽象类编程,框架实现完毕
//c函数
int SckSendAndRec_EncDec(CSocketProtocol *sp, CEncDesProtocol *ed, unsigned char *in, int inlen, unsigned char *out, int *outlen)
{int ret = 0;unsigned char data[4096];int datalen = 0;ret = sp->cltSocketInit();if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = ed->EncData(in,inlen, data, &datalen);if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketSend(data, datalen); //发送数据之前对数据加密 ..if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketRev(data, &datalen); //收到的数据是密文,需要进行解密if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = ed->DecData(data, datalen, out, outlen );if (ret != 0){goto End;}End:ret = sp->cltSocketDestory();return 0;
}//写一个框架
int main022()
{int ret = 0;unsigned char in[4096];int inlen;unsigned char out[4096];int outlen = 0;strcpy((char *)in, "aadddddddddddaaaaaaaaaaa");inlen = 9;CSocketProtocol *sp = NULL;CEncDesProtocol *ed = NULL;//sp = new CSckFactoryImp1sp = new CSckFactoryImp2; //ed = new HwEncDec;ret = SckSendAndRec_EncDec(sp, ed, in, inlen, out, &outlen);if (ret != 0){printf("func SckSendAndRec() err:%d \n", ret);return ret;}delete sp; //想通过父类指针 释放所有的子类对象的资源 ..cout<<"hello..."<<endl;system("pause");return ret;
}
加解密的代码是des.h和des.c,可在前面“08文件操作”查看源代码。
8.将测试框架从函数形式升级为类的形式
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;#include "CSocketProtocol.h"
#include "CSckFactoryImp1.h"
#include "CSckFactoryImp2.h"#include "CEncDesProtocol.h"
#include "HwEncDec.h"//抽象类在多继承中的应用
/*
class MainOp : public CSocketProtocol, public CEncDesProtocol
{
public:
protected:
private:};
*/class MainOp
{
public:MainOp(){this->sp = NULL;this->ed = NULL;}MainOp(CSocketProtocol *sp, CEncDesProtocol *ed){this->sp = sp;this->ed = ed;}//void setSp(CSocketProtocol *sp){this->sp = sp;}void setEd(CEncDesProtocol *ed){this->ed = ed;}public://面向抽象类编程,框架实现完毕int SckSendAndRec_EncDec3(CSocketProtocol *sp, CEncDesProtocol *ed, unsigned char *in, int inlen, unsigned char *out, int *outlen){int ret = 0;unsigned char data[4096];int datalen = 0;ret = sp->cltSocketInit();if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = ed->EncData(in,inlen, data, &datalen);if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketSend(data, datalen); //发送数据之前对数据加密 ..if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketRev(data, &datalen); //收到的数据是密文,需要进行解密if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = ed->DecData(data, datalen, out, outlen );if (ret != 0){goto End;}End:ret = sp->cltSocketDestory();return 0;}int SckSendAndRec_EncDec3(unsigned char *in, int inlen, unsigned char *out, int *outlen){int ret = 0;unsigned char data[4096];int datalen = 0;ret = this->sp->cltSocketInit();if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = this->ed->EncData(in,inlen, data, &datalen);if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = this->sp->cltSocketSend(data, datalen); //发送数据之前对数据加密 ..if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = sp->cltSocketRev(data, &datalen); //收到的数据是密文,需要进行解密if (ret != 0){goto End;}ret = ed->DecData(data, datalen, out, outlen );if (ret != 0){goto End;}End:ret = sp->cltSocketDestory();return 0;}private:CSocketProtocol *sp;CEncDesProtocol *ed;};//写一个框架
int main()
{int ret = 0;unsigned char in[4096];int inlen;unsigned char out[4096];int outlen = 0;strcpy((char *)in, "aadddddddddddaaaaaaaaaaa");inlen = 9;MainOp *myMainOp = new MainOp;CSocketProtocol *sp = NULL;CEncDesProtocol *ed = NULL;//sp = new CSckFactoryImp1sp = new CSckFactoryImp2; //ed = new HwEncDec;myMainOp->setSp(sp);myMainOp->setEd(ed);ret = myMainOp->SckSendAndRec_EncDec3(in, inlen, out, &outlen);if (ret!= 0){printf("myMainOp SckSendAndRec_EncDec3() err\n ", ret);}delete sp;delete ed;delete myMainOp;cout<<"hello..."<<endl;system("pause");return ret;
}
无非就是将之前的全局函数封装在一个测试用的类里面,然后该测试类拥有socket和加解密协议的基类对象作为该测试类的成员变量。
6.C语言回调函数和函数指针
结论:回调函数的本质:提前做了一个协议的约定(把函数的参数、函数返回值提前约定)
动态库升级为框架的编码实现
1、 动态库中定义协议,并完成任务的调用
typedef int (*EncData)(unsigned char *inData,int inDataLen,unsigned char *outData,int *outDataLen,void *Ref, int RefLen);
typedef int (*DecData)(unsigned char *inData,int inDataLen,unsigned char *outData,int *outDataLen,void *Ref, int RefLen);
2、 加密厂商完成协议函数的编写
3、 对接调试。
4、 动态库中可以缓存第三方函数的入口地址,也可以不缓存,两种实现方式。
案例总结
回调函数:利用函数指针做函数参数,实现的一种调用机制,具体任务的实现者,可以不知道什么时候被调用。
回调机制原理:
- 当具体事件发生时,调用者通过函数指针调用具体函数
- 回调机制将调用者和被调函数分开,两者互不依赖
- 任务的实现 和 任务的调用 可以耦合 (提前进行接口的封装和设计)