文章目录
- WebView
- HTTP
- 使用HttpURLConnection
- 使用OkHttp
- 封装网络操作
- 封装HttpURLConnection
- 封装OkHttp
WebView
WebView 可以在 应用程序中(而不是浏览器) 展示一些网页。
布局文件 web_layout.xml
:
<LinearLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"><WebViewandroid:id="@+id/web_view"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"/></LinearLayout>
活动文件:
public class WebActivity extends AppCompatActivity {@Overrideprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.web_layout);WebView webView = findViewById(R.id.web_view);// 使WebView支持JavaScript脚本webView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);// 用当前WebView显示网页而不是浏览器webView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient());webView.loadUrl("https://www.bilibili.com/");}
}
要在 Android 中使用网络技术是需要在 AndroidManifest.xml
中声明权限的:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
运行结果:
HTTP
使用HttpURLConnection
布局文件 http_layout.xml
:
<LinearLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"android:orientation="vertical"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"><Buttonandroid:id="@+id/button_sendRequest"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="发送请求"/><ScrollViewandroid:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"><TextViewandroid:id="@+id/response_text"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"/></ScrollView></LinearLayout>
- ScrollView控件: 以滚动形式查看屏幕外的内容。
- TextView控件: 用以显示服务器返回的数据。
活动文件:
public class HTTPActivity extends AppCompatActivity {private static final String TAG = "HTTPActivity";TextView responseText;@Overrideprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.http_layout);Button button_sendRequest = findViewById(R.id.button_sendRequest);responseText = findViewById(R.id.response_text);button_sendRequest.setOnClickListener(v->{sendRequestWithHttpURLConnection();Log.e(TAG, "click over");});}private void sendRequestWithHttpURLConnection() {// 开启子线程来发起网络请求new Thread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {HttpURLConnection connection = null;BufferedReader reader = null;try {URL url = new URL("https://www.csdn.net/");connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();connection.setRequestMethod("GET");connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);connection.setReadTimeout(8000);InputStream in = connection.getInputStream();Log.e(TAG, "get in");// 下面对获取到的输入流进行读取reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();String line;while((line = reader.readLine()) != null){response.append(line);}Log.e(TAG, "run: "+response.toString());// 安卓不允许在子线程中进行UI操作// 通过runOnUiThread切换为主线程,然后将结果显示到界面中runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {responseText.setText(response.toString());}});} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if(reader != null){try {reader.close();} catch (IOException e){e.printStackTrace();}}if(connection != null){connection.disconnect();}}}}).start();}
}
运行结果:
使用OkHttp
OkHttp项目在github上的主页地址
在 build.gradle (:app)
文件的 dependencies
中添加依赖:
// define a BOM and its versionimplementation(platform("com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp-bom:4.9.3"))// define any required OkHttp artifacts without versionimplementation("com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp")
活动文件:
public class HTTPActivity extends AppCompatActivity {private static final String TAG = "HTTPActivity";TextView responseText;@Overrideprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.http_layout);Button button_sendRequest = findViewById(R.id.button_sendRequest);responseText = findViewById(R.id.response_text);button_sendRequest.setOnClickListener(v->{sendRequestWithOkHttp();Log.e(TAG, "click over");});}private void sendRequestWithOkHttp() {// 开启子线程来发起网络请求new Thread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {try {OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();Request request = new Request.Builder().url("https://www.bilibili.com").build();Log.e(TAG, "request: "+request);Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();Log.e(TAG, "response: "+response);String responseData = response.body().string();Log.e(TAG, "responseData: "+responseData);runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {responseText.setText(responseData);}});} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}).start();}
}
运行结果:
封装网络操作
封装HttpURLConnection
如果在每个使用到网络功能的地方都实现一遍发送HTTP请求的代码无疑是繁琐的。因此,不妨将常用的网络操作写成一个个静态方法,并将它们都存储在一个类中,如:
public class HttpUtil {private static final String TAG = "HttpUtil";public static String sendHttpRequest(String address){HttpURLConnection connection = null;try {URL url =new URL(address);connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();connection.setRequestMethod("GET");connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);connection.setReadTimeout(8000);connection.setDoInput(true);connection.setDoOutput(true);InputStream in = connection.getInputStream();BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();String line;while((line = reader.readLine()) != null){response.append(line);}return response.toString();} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();return e.getMessage();} finally {if(connection != null){connection.disconnect();}}}
}
如此一来需要发送HTTP请求时即可如此实现:
String url = "https://www.bilibili.com";
String response = HttpUtil.sendHttpRequest(url);
但这仍有缺陷,sendHttpRequest()
方法内部并没有使用子线程,这意味着调用该方法时主线程有可能被阻塞,网络请求又是耗时操作,这对于运行效率而言无疑是种灾难。
而如果只是简单地在 sendHttpRequest()
方法中开启一个线程来发起HTTP请求,那么所有的耗时逻辑都是在子线程里进行的,sendHttpRequest()
方法会在 服务器还没来得及响应 的时候就执行结束了(子线程中的逻辑还没有执行完,主线程中已经结束了对sendHttpRequest()
方法的调用)。
因此应该配以回调机制来接受回馈数据,定义一个接口:
public interface HttpCallbackListener {// 成功响应时回调,参数为服务器返回的数据void onFinish(String response);// 操作错误时回调void onError(Exception e);
}
然后修改 HttpUtil.java
:
public class HttpUtil {private static final String TAG = "HttpUtil";public static void sendHttpRequest(final String address, HttpCallbackListener listener){new Thread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {HttpURLConnection connection = null;try {URL url =new URL(address);connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();connection.setRequestMethod("GET");connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);connection.setReadTimeout(8000);connection.setDoInput(true);connection.setDoOutput(true);InputStream in = connection.getInputStream();BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();String line;while((line = reader.readLine()) != null){response.append(line);}// 子线程中无法通过 return 返回数据,应通过 onFinish 方法回调if(listener != null){listener.onFinish(response.toString());Log.e(TAG, "run: "+response.toString());}} catch (Exception e) {if(listener != null){listener.onError(e);Log.e(TAG, "run: Exception");}} finally {if(connection != null){connection.disconnect();}}}}).start();}
}
此时我们调用 sendHttpRequest()
方法时需要将 HttpCallbackListener 的实例传入:
private void sendRequestWithOkHttp() {// 开启子线程来发起网络请求new Thread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {String url = "https://www.baidu.com";HttpUtil.sendHttpRequest(url, new HttpCallbackListener() {@Overridepublic void onFinish(String response) {runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {responseText.setText(response);}});}@Overridepublic void onError(Exception e) {Log.e(TAG, "onError: "+e);}});}}).start();}
运行结果:
封装OkHttp
封装关于HTTP的操作:
public class HttpUtil {private static final String TAG = "HttpUtil";public static void sendHttpRequest(final String address, okhttp3.Callback callback){OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();Request request = new Request.Builder().url(address).build();Log.e(TAG, "request: "+request);client.newCall(request).enqueue(callback);}
}
调用 HttpUtil.sendHttpRequest()
发送请求的方法:
// 开启子线程来发起网络请求,OkHttpprivate void sendRequestWithOkHttp(){new Thread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {HttpUtil.sendHttpRequest("https://www.bilibili.com", new okhttp3.Callback(){@Overridepublic void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {String responseData = response.body().string();runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {responseText.setText(responseData);}});}@Overridepublic void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {Log.e(TAG, "onError: "+e);}});}}).start();}
PS: 不论是使用 HttpURLConnection 还是 OkHttp,最终的回调接口都还是在子线程中,因此如果想要执行 UI 操作必须借助 runOnUiThread()
方法进行线程转换。
运行结果: