1. 结论示意图

sql中union all、union、intersect、minus的区别图解

对于intersect、minus，oracle支持，mysql不支持，可以变通（in或exists）实现

2.测试

2.1.创建表和数据

-- 建表
drop table if exists student;   -- oralce 不支持 if exists 
create table student (id   int
);
-- 造数据4条
insert into student (id) values (1);
insert into student (id) values (2);
insert into student (id) values (3);
insert into student (id) values (4);-- 查看表数据
select * from student;

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2.2.查询

2.2.1. A

-- A
select * from student where id in (1,2,3);

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2.2.1. B

-- B
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);

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2.2.3. `intersect`(A ∩ B)。交集。oracle支持，mysql不支持（可以变通实现）

-- intersect(A ∩ B)。交集
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
intersect
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);
-- 变通实现
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4));

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2.2.4. `minus`(A - A ∩ B)。左差集。oracle支持，mysql不支持（可以变通实现）

-- minus(A - A ∩ B)。左差集
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
minus
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);
-- 变通实现
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4));

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2.2.5. `minus`(A - A ∩ B)。右差集。oracle支持，mysql不支持（可以变通实现）

-- minus(A - A ∩ B)。右差集
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
minus
select * from student where id in (1,2,3);
-- 变通实现
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (1,2,3));

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2.2.6. `union`(A ∪ B)。并集（去重）

-- union(A ∪ B)。并集（去重）
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
union 
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);

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2.2.7. `union all`(A + B)。和集（不去重）

-- union all(A + B)。和集（不去重）
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
union all
select * from student where id in (2,3,4);

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2.2.8. `(A minus B) union (B minus A)`[(A - B) + (B - A)]或 `(A union B) minus (A intersect B)`[(A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)] 。A ∩ B在A ∪ B的补集。oracle支持，mysql不支持（可以变通实现）

-- 算法1：`(A minus  B) union (B minus A)`[(A - B) + (B - A)]。A ∩ B在A ∪ B的补集。
(
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
minus
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
)
union 
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
minus
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
);
-- 算法1：变通实现
(
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4))
)
union 
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
and id not in (
select id from student where id in (1,2,3))
);-- 算法2：`(A union B) minus (A intersect B)`[(A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)] 
--  `(union) minus (intersect)`[(A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)]。A ∩ B在A ∪ B的补集。
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
union
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
)
minus
(
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
intersect
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
);
-- 算法2：变通实现
select * from 
(
select * from student where id in (1,2,3)
union 
select * from student where id in (2,3,4)
)
where id not in
(
select id from student where id in (1,2,3)
and id in (
select id from student where id in (2,3,4))
);