Python接口自动化之request请求封装

我们在做自动化测试的时候，大家都是希望自己写的代码越简洁越好，代码重复量越少越好。那么，我们可以考虑将request的请求类型（如：Get、Post、Delect请求）都封装起来。这样，我们在编写用例的时候就可以直接进行请求了。

1. 源码分析

我们先来看一下Get、Post、Delect等请求的源码，看一下它们都有什么特点。

（1）Get请求源码

 def get(self, url, **kwargs):r"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.:rtype: requests.Response"""kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)

（2）Post请求源码

def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):r"""Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-likeobject to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.:param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.:rtype: requests.Response"""return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

（3）Delect请求源码

 def delete(self, url, **kwargs):r"""Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.:rtype: requests.Response"""return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)

（4）分析结果

我们发现，不管是Get请求、还是Post请求或者是Delect请求，它们到最后返回的都是request函数。那么，我们再去看一看request函数的源码。

 def request(self, method, url,params=None, data=None, headers=None, cookies=None, files=None,auth=None, timeout=None, allow_redirects=True, proxies=None,hooks=None, stream=None, verify=None, cert=None, json=None):"""Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.:param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the querystring for the :class:`Request`.:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-likeobject to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.:param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the:class:`Request`.:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the:class:`Request`.:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the:class:`Request`.:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``for multipart encoding upload.:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enableBasic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.:param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to senddata before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.:type timeout: float or tuple:param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.:type allow_redirects: bool:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol andhostname to the URL of the proxy.:param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the responsecontent. Defaults to ``False``.:param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verifythe server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a pathto a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.:rtype: requests.Response"""# Create the Request.req = Request(method=method.upper(),url=url,headers=headers,files=files,data=data or {},json=json,params=params or {},auth=auth,cookies=cookies,hooks=hooks,)prep = self.prepare_request(req)proxies = proxies or {}settings = self.merge_environment_settings(prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert)# Send the request.send_kwargs = {'timeout': timeout,'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,}send_kwargs.update(settings)resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)return resp

从request源码可以看出，它先创建一个Request，然后将传过来的所有参数放在里面，再接着调用self.send()，并将Request传过去。这里我们将不在分析后面的send等方法的源码了，有兴趣的同学可以自行了解。

分析完源码之后发现，我们可以不需要单独在一个类中去定义Get、Post等其他方法，然后在单独调用request。其实，我们直接调用request即可。

2. requests请求封装

代码示例：

 import requestsclass RequestMain:def __init__(self):"""session管理器requests.session(): 维持会话,跨请求的时候保存参数"""# 实例化sessionself.session = requests.session()def request_main(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, **kwargs):""":param method: 请求方式:param url: 请求地址:param params: 字典或bytes，作为参数增加到url中         :param data: data类型传参，字典、字节序列或文件对象，作为Request的内容:param json: json传参，作为Request的内容:param headers: 请求头，字典:param kwargs: 若还有其他的参数，使用可变参数字典形式进行传递:return:"""# 对异常进行捕获try:"""封装request请求，将请求方法、请求地址，请求参数、请求头等信息入参。注 ：verify: True/False，默认为True，认证SSL证书开关；cert: 本地SSL证书。如果不需要ssl认证，可将这两个入参去掉"""re_data = self.session.request(method, url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers, cert=(client_crt, client_key), verify=False, **kwargs)# 异常处理 报错显示具体信息except Exception as e:# 打印异常print("请求失败：{0}".format(e))# 返回响应结果return re_dataif __name__ == '__main__':# 请求地址url = '请求地址'# 请求参数payload = {"请求参数"}# 请求头header = {"headers"}# 实例化 RequestMain()re = RequestMain()# 调用request_main，并将参数传过去request_data = re.request_main("请求方式", url, json=payload, headers=header)# 打印响应结果print(request_data.text)

注：如果你调的接口不需要SSL认证，可将cert与verify两个参数去掉。

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