MySQL
1、选择数据库
- use dbname
- show databases;
2、数据表
- show tables
- mysql> show columns from customers;
- mysql> desc customers;
3、show 语句
- show status
- show create databases
- show create table
- show grants
4、select 检索
4.1.1版本后不再区分大小写,但是为了容易阅读和调试,建议还是使用。
mysql> select cust_name from customers;
mysql> select cust_name cust_status from customers;
mysql> select distinct vend_id from products;
mysql> select prod_name from products limit 5;
mysql> select prod_name from products limit 5,5;
//分页问题
从行0开始计数,limit5,5是从第5行开始(不包括第五行),取5行,结果是:6:10行
因为这个很容易引起误解,所以MySQL5开始支持另一个语法:limit 4 offset 3,意思是从行3开始取4行,等同于limit 3,4
4-1、排序数据
//单个字段排序
mysql> select prod_name from products order by prod_name;
//多个字段排序,如果第一个字段全部唯一则第二个字段就不会生效
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products order by prod_price ,prod_name;
4-2、指定排序方向
- desc 降序
- asc 升序-默认
注意顺序,from>ordrr by >limit
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products order by prod_price desc;
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products order by prod_price asc;
mysql> select prod_price from products order by prod_price desc limit 1;
5、where 条件
相关操作符:
- = 等于
- <> 不等于
- != 不等于
- < 小于
- > 大于
- >= 大于或者等于
- <= 小于或等于
- between 两者之间 and
and 的优先级大于or,需要处理or,则需要括号
mysql> select prod_price,prod_name from products where prod_price = 2.50;
mysql> select prod_price,prod_name from products where prod_price between 5 and 10;
// IS NULL
mysql> select cust_id from customers where cust_email is null;
重点:空值检查
空值既是:NULL
MySQL中判断是否是空值的子句是: IS NULL
example:
mysql> select cust_id FROM customers where cust_email IS NULL;
+---------+
| cust_id |
+---------+
| 10002 |
| 10005 |
+---------+
6、where 数据过滤
(logical operator)逻辑操作符:and - or
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where vend_id = 1003 and prod_price<= 10;
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where vend_id = 1003 or vend_id = 1002;
运算符优先级问题:
下列SQL中实际先运行 vend_id = 1002 and prod_price >= 10;
,再运行vend_id = 1003
.因为and的优先级大于or,如果要按理想执行,加括号!
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where vend_id = 1003 or vend_id = 1002 and prod_price >= 10;
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where (vend_id = 1003 or vend_id = 1002 )and prod_price >= 10;
6-1、 in操作符 (not in)
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where vend_id in (1002,1003) order by prod_name;
6-2、 or操作符
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where vend_id not in (1002,1003) order by prod_name;
7、用通配符过滤
like 和 _ 的区别是后者只能匹配一个字符
7-1、like
**注意NULL 虽然似乎 % 通配符可以匹配任何东西,但有一个例
外,即 NULL 。即使是 WHERE prod_name LIKE '%' 也不能匹配
用值 NULL 作为产品名的行。**
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where prod_name LIKE 'jet%';mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where prod_name LIKE '%anv%';
7-2、_
mysql> select prod_id,prod_price,prod_name from products where prod_name LIKE '_ ton anvil';
8、正则表达式
like是匹配全部,REGEXP可以匹配全部和部分
mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name ='JetPack 1000';
+--------------+
| prod_name |
+--------------+
| JetPack 1000 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name REGEXP '1000';
+--------------+
| prod_name |
+--------------+
| JetPack 1000 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
默认不区分大小写,需要区分大小写binary
mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name REGEXP 'jetpack .000';
mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name REGEXP binary 'JetPack .000';
10、计算字段
- concat 合并 讲两个字段合并成一个新的字段
mysql> select concat (vend_name , 'C',vend_country,')') from vendors order by vend_name;
+-------------------------------------------+
| concat (vend_name , 'C',vend_country,')') |
+-------------------------------------------+
| ACMECUSA) |
| Anvils R UsCUSA) |
| Furball Inc.CUSA) |
| Jet SetCEngland) |
| Jouets Et OursCFrance) |
| LT SuppliesCUSA) |
+-------------------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- rtrim (ltrim ,trim) 去掉空格
mysql> select concat (rtrim(vend_name) , 'C',vend_country,')') from vendors order by vend_name;
- as 别名
mysql> select concat (rtrim(vend_name) , '(',rtrim(vend_country),')') as vend_title from vendors order by vend__name;
- 计算
+、-、* 、\
mysql> select quantity*item_price as expand_price from orderitems where order_num =20005;
11、函数
- trim、ltrim、rtrim 去掉空值
- Upper 转为大写
mysql> select vend_name,upper(vend_name) as ven_name_upcase from vendors order by vend_name;
11-2 时间函数
- AddDate() 增加一个日期(天、周等)
- AddTime() 增加一个时间(时、分等)
- CurDate() 返回当前日期
- CurTime() 返回当前时间
- ==Date() 返回日期时间的日期部分==
- DateDiff() 计算两个日期之差
- Date_Add() 高度灵活的日期运算函数
- Date_Format() 返回一个格式化的日期或时间串
- Day() 返回一个日期的天数部分
- DayOfWeek() 对于一个日期,返回对应的星期几
- Hour() 返回一个时间的小时部分
- Minute() 返回一个时间的分钟部分
- Month() 返回一个日期的月份部分
- Now() 返回当前日期和时间
- Second() 返回一个时间的秒部分
- Time() 返回一个日期时间的时间部分
- Year() 返回一个日期的年份部分
取9月某一天的数据
mysql> select cust_id,order_num from orders where Date(order_date) = '2005-09-01';
+---------+-----------+
| cust_id | order_num |
+---------+-----------+
| 10001 | 20005 |
+---------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
取9月整个月的订单
mysql> select cust_id,order_num from orders where Date(order_date) between '2005-09-01' and '2005-09-30';
+---------+-----------+
| cust_id | order_num |
+---------+-----------+
| 10001 | 20005 |
| 10003 | 20006 |
| 10004 | 20007 |
+---------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select cust_id,order_num from orders where Year(order_date) and month(order_date) = 9;
+---------+-----------+
| cust_id | order_num |
+---------+-----------+
| 10001 | 20005 |
| 10003 | 20006 |
| 10004 | 20007 |
+---------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
11-4 数值处理函数
- Abs() 返回一个数的绝对值
- Cos() 返回一个角度的余弦
- Exp() 返回一个数的指数值
- Mod() 返回除操作的余数
- Pi() 返回圆周率
- Rand() 返回一个随机数
- Sin() 返回一个角度的正弦
- Sqrt() 返回一个数的平方根
- Tan() 返回一个角度的正切
11-5 聚集函数
- AVG() 返回某列的平均值
- COUNT() 返回某列的行数
- MAX() 返回某列的最大值
- MIN() 返回某列的最小值
- SUM() 返回某列值之和
- DISTINCT
mysql> select avg(prod_price) as avg_price from products;
分组数据
GROUP BY子句和HAVING子句
mysql> select vend_id,count(*) as num_prods from products group by vend_id;
+---------+-----------+
| vend_id | num_prods |
+---------+-----------+
| 1001 | 3 |
| 1002 | 2 |
| 1003 | 7 |
| 1005 | 2 |
+---------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select vend_id,count(*) as num_prods from products group by vend_id with rollup;
+---------+-----------+
| vend_id | num_prods |
+---------+-----------+
| 1001 | 3 |
| 1002 | 2 |
| 1003 | 7 |
| 1005 | 2 |
| NULL | 14 |
+---------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
having
唯一的差别是 WHERE过滤行,而HAVING过滤分组。WHERE在数据 分组前进行过滤,HAVING在数据分组后进行过滤
mysql> select vend_id,count(*) as num_prods from products group by vend_id having count(*)>=2;
+---------+-----------+
| vend_id | num_prods |
+---------+-----------+
| 1001 | 3 |
| 1002 | 2 |
| 1003 | 7 |
| 1005 | 2 |
+---------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select vend_id,count(*) as num_prods from products where prod_price>=10 group by vend_id having count(*)>=2;
+---------+-----------+
| vend_id | num_prods |
+---------+-----------+
| 1003 | 4 |
| 1005 | 2 |
+---------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select order_num ,sum(quantity*item_price) as ordertotal from orderitems
-> group by order_num
-> having sum(quantity*item_price) >= 50
-> order by ordertotal;
+-----------+------------+
| order_num | ordertotal |
+-----------+------------+
| 20006 | 55.00 |
| 20008 | 125.00 |
| 20005 | 149.87 |
| 20007 | 1000.00 |
+-----------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
顺序
- select
- from
- where
- group by
- having
- order by
- limit
12 子查询
mysql> select cust_id from orders where order_num in (select order_num from orderitems where prod_id ='TNT2');
+---------+
| cust_id |
+---------+
| 10001 |
| 10004 |
+---------+
15 连接表
笛卡儿积(cartesian product)
如果将两个表同时作为数据源(from后的表名),不加任何的匹配条件,那么产生的结果集就是一个迪卡尔积。
迪卡尔积的结果没有意义,但是迪卡尔积是联合查询、连接查询的基础。
1. 交叉连接 cross join
使用表A中的1条记录去表B中连接所有的记录,就是笛卡尔积
2. 内连接
select 字段列表 from 表A 【inner】 join 表B ,匹配到的成功的记录
3. 外连接 分为左连接和右连接,
左连接保留左边的所有,右边匹配到的部分
4. using关键字
在进行连接时,如果进行连接的两个字段的名子相同,则可以使用using using('cid')
当前笔记出自 《MySQL必知必会》