一、正则表达式的概念和作用

正则表达式概念：一种字符串匹配的模式
正则表达式作用：

可以检查一个字符串中是否包含某种字串
替换匹配的字串
提取某个字符串中匹配的字串

二、正则表达式中常见的语法

字符	描述	原样字符	匹配字符
`一般字符`	匹配自身	beyond	beyond
`.`	匹配任意除换行符`\n`以外的字符	a.c	aac或abc或acc
`\`	转义字符，使后一个字符改变原来的意思。如果字符串中有字符需要匹配，可以使用`\`或者字符集`[*]`	`a\.c`、`a\\c`	`a.c`、`a\c`
`[...]`	字符集(字符类)。对应的位置可以是字符集中任意字符。字符集中的字符可以逐个列出，也可以给出范围，如[abc]或[a-c]。第一个字符如果是^则表示取反，如`[^abc]` 表示不是abc的其他字符。所有的特殊字符在字符集中都失去其原有的特殊含义。在字符集中如果要使用`]`、`-`、`^`，可以在前面加上反斜杠，或把`]`、`-`放在第一个字符，把`^`放在非第一个字符	a[bcd]e	abe、ace、ade

#导入模块
import re#字符匹配
rs1 = re.findall('abc','beyondabcbeyondyanyu')
print(rs1)#结果为：['abc']rs2 = re.findall('a.c','111a*c')
print(rs2)#结果为：['a*c']rs3 = re.findall('a.c','111abc')
print(rs3)#结果为：['abc']rs4 = re.findall('a.c','222a.c')
print(rs4)#结果为：['a.c']rs5 = re.findall('a.c','a\nc')
print(rs5)#结果为：[]rs6 = re.findall('a\.c','111a.c')
print(rs6)#结果为：['a.c']rs7 = re.findall('a\.c','111abc')
print(rs7)#结果为：[]rs8 = re.findall('a[bd]c','abcqq')
print(rs8)#结果为：['abc']rs9 = re.findall('a[bd]c','adcq')
print(rs9)#结果为：['adc']rs0 = re.findall('a[bd]c','afc')
print(rs0)#结果为：[]

预定义字符集(可以写在字符集[…]中)
每个预定义字符集中的字符对应一个字符，中括号里面可以有很多预定义字符集，表示任满足其一即可。

字符	描述	原样字符	匹配字符
\d	数字：`[0-9]`	a\dc	a5c或a2c或a9c
\D	非数字：`[^\d]`	a\Dc	abc或ayc或a*c
\s	空白字符：`[<空格>\t\r\n\f\v]`	a\sc	a c
\S	非空白字符：`[^\s]`	a\Sc	abc或a8c或a*c
\w	单词字符：`[A-Za-z0-9_]`	a\wc	abc或aDc或a8c
\W	非单词字符：`[^\w]`	a\Wc	a c或a&c或a)c

#导入模块
import re#字符匹配
rs1 = re.findall('\d','q1s74d')#\d数字：[0-9]
print(rs1)#结果为：['1', '7', '4']rs2 = re.findall('\w','q!#1s7_4d$')#\w单词字符：[A-Za-z0-9_]
print(rs2)#结果为：['q', '1', 's', '7', '_', '4', 'd']rs3 = re.findall('[\s\d]','q 1s7_ 4d $')#\s空白字符、\d数字：[0-9]
print(rs3)#结果为：[' ', '1', '7', ' ', '4', ' ']

数量词(用在字符或(…)之后)

字符	描述	原样字符	匹配字符
*	匹配前一个字符零次或无限次	abc*	ab、abccccc
+	匹配前一个字符一次或无限次	abc+	abc、abcccccc
?	匹配前一个字符零次或一次	abc?	ab、abc
{m}	匹配前一个字符m次	ab{2}c	abbc

#导入模块
import re#字符匹配
rs1 = re.findall('y\d*','ay0522y12y24yy')#\d数字：[0-9]、*表示\d允许出现零次或无限次；即y之后可以紧跟任何数量的数字
print(rs1)#结果为：['y0522', 'y12', 'y24', 'y', 'y']之所以后面出现两个y是因为*可以出现零次rs2 = re.findall('y\d+','bey12ond0522yan123yu')#\d数字：[0-9]、+表示\d允许出现一次或无限次；即y之后可以紧跟一个以上的数字
print(rs2)#结果为：['y12']rs3 = re.findall('y\d?','ty12ond0522y3an123yu')#\d数字：[0-9]、?表示\d允许出现零次或一次；即y之后可以紧跟一个以上的数字
print(rs3)#结果为：['y1', 'y3', 'y']rs4 = re.findall('y\d{3}','ty1332ond0522y3any123yu')#\d数字：[0-9]、{m?}表示\d允许出现m次；即y之后可以紧跟m个数字
print(rs4)#结果为：['y133', 'y123']

三、re.findall()方法

re.findall(pattern,string,flags=0)
扫描整个string字符串，返回所有与pattern匹配的列表
参数：

pattern：正则表达式
string：从哪个字符串中查找
flags：匹配模式

返回string中与pattern匹配的结果列表

例如：

re.findall("\d",“b1e1y2o3n4d”)
返回结果为[“1”,“1”,“2”,“3”,“4”]

1，findall方法返回匹配的结果列表

#导入模块
import rers1 = re.findall('\d','b12e3y4o56n777d')#\d：一个数字：[0-9]
print(rs1)#结果为：['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '7', '7']rs2 = re.findall('\d+','b12e3y4o56n777d')#\d+：\d允许出现一次或无限次；即一个或无数个数字
print(rs2)#结果为：['12', '3', '4', '56', '777']

2，findall方法中flag参数的作用

re.DOTALL、re.S

#导入模块
import rers1 = re.findall('a.bc','a\nbc')
print(rs1)#结果为：[]rs2 = re.findall('a.bc','a\nbc',re.DOTALL)
print(rs2)#结果为：['a\nbc']rs3 = re.findall('a.bc','a\nbc',re.S)
print(rs3)#结果为：['a\nbc']

3，findall方法中分组的使用

分组使用小括号表示
这里的a(.+)bc，即先通过前a,后bc确定位置，之后再返回(.+)匹配的内容

#导入模块
import rers1 = re.findall('a.+bc','yya\nbc',re.DOTALL)
print(rs1)#结果为：['a\nbc']rs2 = re.findall('a(.+)bc','yya\nbc',re.DOTALL)
print(rs2)#结果为：['\n']

如果正则表达式中没有`()`，则返回与整个正则表达式匹配的列表

如果正则表达式中有`()`，则返回()中匹配的内容列表，小括号两边的东西都是负责确定提取数据的所在位置

四、正则表达式中r原串的使用

r原串实际上是为了解决转义符问题

#导入模块
import rers1 = re.findall('a\nbc','a\nbc')
print(rs1)#结果为：['a\nbc']rs2 = re.findall('a\\nbc','a\\nbc')
print(rs2)#结果为：[]rs3 = re.findall('a\\\nbc','a\\nbc')
print(rs3)#结果为：[]rs4 = re.findall('a\\\\nbc','a\\nbc')
print(rs4)#结果为：['a\\nbc']rs5 = re.findall(r'a\nbc','a\nbc')
print(rs5)#结果为：['a\nbc']rs6 = re.findall(r'a\\nbc','a\\nbc')
print(rs6)#结果为：['a\\nbc']

五、提取最新的疫情数据的json字符串

步骤：

请求疫情首页内容
提取script标签中各国的疫情信息
从各国疫情信息中提取各国疫情的json字符串

当然，数据来源仍然是丁香园新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情实时动态首页
url：https://ncov.dxy.cn/ncovh5/view/pneumonia

# 1，导入相关模块
import requests
import re
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup# 2，发送请求，获取疫情首页内容
response = requests.get('https://ncov.dxy.cn/ncovh5/view/pneumonia')
home_page = response.content.decode()
#print(home_page)
# 3，使用Beautiful Soup提取疫情数据
soup = BeautifulSoup(home_page,'lxml')
script = soup.find(id='getAreaStat')
text = script.text
#print(text)
'''
try { window.getAreaStat = [{"provinceName":"香港","provinceShortName":"香港","currentConfirmedCount":5990,"confirmedCount":22468,"suspectedCount":181,"curedCount":16190,"deadCount":288,"comment":"疑似 1 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'''
# 4，使用正则表达式提取json字符串
json_str = re.findall(r'\[.+\]',text)[0]#由于中括号是个特殊的字符，需要在前面加个转义符；最后的结果会存在列表中，故使用[0]来获取完整json格式
print(json_str)
'''
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'''