内容拾遗之字符串与数据结构

一、整数

如： 18、73、84

每一个整数都具备如下功能：

浅copy
>>> dict = {"a":("apple",),"bo":{"b":"banna","o":"orange"},"g":["grape","grapefruit"]}
>>> dict = {"a":("apple",),"bo":{"b":"banna","o":"orange"},"g":["grape","grapefruit"]}
>>> dict2 = dict.copy()>>> dict["g"][0] = "shuaige"  #第一次我修改的是第二层的数据
>>> print dict
{'a': ('apple',), 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['shuaige', 'grapefruit']}
>>> print dict2
{'a': ('apple',), 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['shuaige', 'grapefruit']}
>>> id(dict["g"][0]),id(dict2["g"][0])
(140422980581296, 140422980581296)  #从这里可以看出第二层他们是用的内存地址
>>>>>> dict["a"] = "dashuaige"  #注意第二次这里修改的是第一层
>>> print dict
{'a': 'dashuaige', 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['shuaige', 'grapefruit']}
>>> print dict2
{'a': ('apple',), 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['shuaige', 'grapefruit']}
>>>
>>> id(dict["a"]),id(dict2["a"])
(140422980580816, 140422980552272)  #从这里看到第一层他们修改后就不会是相同的内存地址了！
>>>#这里看下，第一次我修改了dict的第二层的数据，dict2也跟着改变了，但是我第二次我修改了dict第一层的数据dict2没有修改。
说明：浅copy只是第一层是独立的，其他层面是公用的！作用节省内存深copy>>> import copy  #深copy需要导入模块
>>> dict = {"a":("apple",),"bo":{"b":"banna","o":"orange"},"g":["grape","grapefruit"]}
>>> dict2 = copy.deepcopy(dict)
>>> print dict
{'a': ('apple',), 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['grape', 'grapefruit']}
>>> print dict2
{'a': ('apple',), 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['grape', 'grapefruit']}
>>> dict["g"][0] = "shuaige"   #修改第二层数据
>>> print dict
{'a': ('apple',), 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['shuaige', 'grapefruit']}
>>> print dict2
{'a': ('apple',), 'bo': {'b': 'banna', 'o': 'orange'}, 'g': ['grape', 'grapefruit']}
>>> id(dict["g"][0]),id(dict2["g"][0])
(140422980580816, 140422980580288)  #从这里看到第二个数据现在也不是公用了# 通过这里可以看出他们现在是一个完全独立的，当你修改dict时dict2是不会改变的因为是两个独立的字典！

二、长整型

可能如：2147483649、9223372036854775807

每个长整型都具备如下功能：

class long(object):"""long(x=0) -> longlong(x, base=10) -> longConvert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no argumentsare given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string orUnicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  Theliteral can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means tointerpret the base from the string as an integer literal.>>> int('0b100', base=0)4L"""def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""long.bit_length() -> int or longNumber of bits necessary to represent self in binary.>>> bin(37L)'0b100101'>>> (37L).bit_length()"""return 0def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. """passdef __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """passdef __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """passdef __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """passdef __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """passdef __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """passdef __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """passdef __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """passdef __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__float__() <==> float(x) """passdef __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """passdef __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknownpassdef __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """passdef __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknownpassdef __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """passdef __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """passdef __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """passdef __init__(self, x=0): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__passdef __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """passdef __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__invert__() <==> ~x """passdef __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__long__() <==> long(x) """passdef __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """passdef __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """passdef __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """passdef __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__neg__() <==> -x """pass@staticmethod # known case of __new__def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """passdef __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """passdef __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """passdef __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """passdef __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__pos__() <==> +x """passdef __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """passdef __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """passdef __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """passdef __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """passdef __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """passdef __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """passdef __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """passdef __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """passdef __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """passdef __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """passdef __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """passdef __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """passdef __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """passdef __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """passdef __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """passdef __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """passdef __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """passdef __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Returns size in memory, in bytes """passdef __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """passdef __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """passdef __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """passdef __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Truncating an Integral returns itself. """passdef __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """passdenominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default"""the real part of a complex number"""longlong

三、浮点型

如：3.14、2.88

每个浮点型都具备如下功能：

class float(object):"""float(x) -> floating point numberConvert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible."""def as_integer_ratio(self):   """ 获取改值的最简比 """"""float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the originalfloat and with a positive denominator.Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.>>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()(10, 1)>>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()(0, 1)>>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()(-1, 4)"""passdef conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """passdef fromhex(self, string):   """ 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """"""float.fromhex(string) -> floatCreate a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.>>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')2047.984375>>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')-4.9406564584124654e-324"""return 0.0def hex(self):   """ 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """"""float.hex() -> stringReturn a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.>>> (-0.1).hex()'-0x1.999999999999ap-4'>>> 3.14159.hex()'0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'"""return ""def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return True if the float is an integer. """passdef __abs__(self):   """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """passdef __add__(self, y):   """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """passdef __coerce__(self, y):   """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """passdef __divmod__(self, y):   """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """passdef __div__(self, y):   """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """passdef __eq__(self, y):   """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """passdef __float__(self):   """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """passdef __floordiv__(self, y):   """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """passdef __format__(self, format_spec):   """float.__format__(format_spec) -> stringFormats the float according to format_spec."""return ""def __getattribute__(self, name):   """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """passdef __getformat__(self, typestr):   """float.__getformat__(typestr) -> stringYou probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to beused in Python's test suite.typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  This function returns whichever of'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes theformat of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr."""return ""def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknownpassdef __ge__(self, y):   """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """passdef __gt__(self, y):   """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """passdef __hash__(self):   """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """passdef __init__(self, x):   passdef __int__(self):   """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """passdef __le__(self, y):   """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """passdef __long__(self):   """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """passdef __lt__(self, y):   """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """passdef __mod__(self, y):   """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """passdef __mul__(self, y):   """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """passdef __neg__(self):   """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """pass@staticmethod # known case of __new__def __new__(S, *more):   """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """passdef __ne__(self, y):   """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """passdef __nonzero__(self):   """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """passdef __pos__(self):   """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """passdef __pow__(self, y, z=None):   """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """passdef __radd__(self, y):   """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """passdef __rdivmod__(self, y):   """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """passdef __rdiv__(self, y):   """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """passdef __repr__(self):   """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """passdef __rfloordiv__(self, y):   """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """passdef __rmod__(self, y):   """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """passdef __rmul__(self, y):   """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """passdef __rpow__(self, x, z=None):   """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """passdef __rsub__(self, y):   """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """passdef __rtruediv__(self, y):   """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """passdef __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt):   """float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> NoneYou probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to beused in Python's test suite.typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  fmt must be one of 'unknown','IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only beone of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality.Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings."""passdef __str__(self):   """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """passdef __sub__(self, y):   """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """passdef __truediv__(self, y):   """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """passdef __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. """passimag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default"""the real part of a complex number"""floatfloat

四、字符串

如：'luotianshuai'、'wupeiqi'

每个字符串都具备如下功能：

class str(basestring):"""str(object='') -> stringReturn a nice string representation of the object.If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object."""def capitalize(self):  """ 首字母变大写 """"""S.capitalize() -> stringReturn a copy of the string S with only its first charactercapitalized."""return ""def center(self, width, fillchar=None):  """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """"""S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> stringReturn S centered in a string of length width. Padding isdone using the specified fill character (default is a space)"""return ""def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  """ 子序列个数 """"""S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> intReturn the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub instring S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpretedas in slice notation."""return 0def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  """ 解码 """"""S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> objectDecodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaultsto the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different errorhandling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raisea UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that isable to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors."""return object()def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  """ 编码，针对unicode """"""S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> objectEncodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaultsto the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different errorhandling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raisea UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered withcodecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors."""return object()def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):  """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """"""S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> boolReturn True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.With optional start, test S beginning at that position.With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try."""return Falsedef expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):  """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """"""S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> stringReturn a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed."""return ""def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """"""S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> intReturn the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optionalarguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.Return -1 on failure."""return 0def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format""" 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """"""S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> stringReturn a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}')."""passdef index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1  """S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> intLike S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found."""return 0def isalnum(self):  """ 是否是字母和数字 """"""S.isalnum() -> boolReturn True if all characters in S are alphanumericand there is at least one character in S, False otherwise."""return Falsedef isalpha(self):  """ 是否是字母 """"""S.isalpha() -> boolReturn True if all characters in S are alphabeticand there is at least one character in S, False otherwise."""return Falsedef isdigit(self):  """ 是否是数字 """"""S.isdigit() -> boolReturn True if all characters in S are digitsand there is at least one character in S, False otherwise."""return Falsedef islower(self):  """ 是否小写 """"""S.islower() -> boolReturn True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there isat least one cased character in S, False otherwise."""return Falsedef isspace(self):  """S.isspace() -> boolReturn True if all characters in S are whitespaceand there is at least one character in S, False otherwise."""return Falsedef istitle(self):  """S.istitle() -> boolReturn True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least onecharacter in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncasedcharacters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return Falseotherwise."""return Falsedef isupper(self):  """S.isupper() -> boolReturn True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there isat least one cased character in S, False otherwise."""return Falsedef join(self, iterable):  """ 连接 """"""S.join(iterable) -> stringReturn a string which is the concatenation of the strings in theiterable.  The separator between elements is S."""return ""def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):  """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """"""S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> stringReturn S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding isdone using the specified fill character (default is a space)."""return ""def lower(self):  """ 变小写 """"""S.lower() -> stringReturn a copy of the string S converted to lowercase."""return ""def lstrip(self, chars=None):  """ 移除左侧空白 """"""S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicodeReturn a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping"""return ""def partition(self, sep):  """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """"""S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is notfound, return S and two empty strings."""passdef replace(self, old, new, count=None):  """ 替换 """"""S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> stringReturn a copy of string S with all occurrences of substringold replaced by new.  If the optional argument count isgiven, only the first count occurrences are replaced."""return ""def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  """S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> intReturn the highest index in S where substring sub is found,such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optionalarguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.Return -1 on failure."""return 0def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  """S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> intLike S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found."""return 0def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):  """S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> stringReturn S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding isdone using the specified fill character (default is a space)"""return ""def rpartition(self, sep):  """S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and returnthe part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If theseparator is not found, return two empty strings and S."""passdef rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  """S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of stringsReturn a list of the words in the string S, using sep as thedelimiter string, starting at the end of the string and workingto the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits aredone. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace stringis a separator."""return []def rstrip(self, chars=None):  """S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicodeReturn a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping"""return ""def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """"""S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of stringsReturn a list of the words in the string S, using sep as thedelimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplitsplits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, anywhitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removedfrom the result."""return []def splitlines(self, keepends=False):  """ 根据换行分割 """"""S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of stringsReturn a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keependsis given and true."""return []def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):  """ 是否起始 """"""S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> boolReturn True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.With optional start, test S beginning at that position.With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try."""return Falsedef strip(self, chars=None):  """ 移除两段空白 """"""S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicodeReturn a copy of the string S with leading and trailingwhitespace removed.If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping"""return ""def swapcase(self):  """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """"""S.swapcase() -> stringReturn a copy of the string S with uppercase charactersconverted to lowercase and vice versa."""return ""def title(self):  """S.title() -> stringReturn a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercasecharacters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase."""return ""def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):  """转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合intab = "aeiou"outtab = "12345"trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)str = "this is string example....wow!!!"print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')""""""S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> stringReturn a copy of the string S, where all characters occurringin the optional argument deletechars are removed, and theremaining characters have been mapped through the giventranslation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.If the table argument is None, no translation is applied andthe operation simply removes the characters in deletechars."""return ""def upper(self):  """S.upper() -> stringReturn a copy of the string S converted to uppercase."""return ""def zfill(self, width):  """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。""""""S.zfill(width) -> stringPad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a fieldof the specified width.  The string S is never truncated."""return ""def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknownpassdef _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknownpassdef __add__(self, y):  """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """passdef __contains__(self, y):  """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """passdef __eq__(self, y):  """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """passdef __format__(self, format_spec):  """S.__format__(format_spec) -> stringReturn a formatted version of S as described by format_spec."""return ""def __getattribute__(self, name):  """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """passdef __getitem__(self, y):  """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """passdef __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknownpassdef __getslice__(self, i, j):  """x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]Use of negative indices is not supported."""passdef __ge__(self, y):  """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """passdef __gt__(self, y):  """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """passdef __hash__(self):  """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """passdef __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__"""str(object='') -> stringReturn a nice string representation of the object.If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.# (copied from class doc)"""passdef __len__(self):  """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """passdef __le__(self, y):  """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """passdef __lt__(self, y):  """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """passdef __mod__(self, y):  """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """passdef __mul__(self, n):  """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """pass@staticmethod # known case of __new__def __new__(S, *more):  """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """passdef __ne__(self, y):  """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """passdef __repr__(self):  """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """passdef __rmod__(self, y):  """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """passdef __rmul__(self, n):  """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """passdef __sizeof__(self):  """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """passdef __str__(self):  """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """passstrstr

五、列表

Python中有三种內建的数据结构：列表、元祖和字典

如：['shuaige','tianshuai']、['wupeiqi', 'alex']

每个列表都具备如下功能：

class list(object):"""list() -> new empty listlist(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items"""def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" L.append(object) -- append object to end """passdef count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """return 0def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """passdef index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.Raises ValueError if the value is not present."""return 0def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """passdef pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range."""passdef remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.Raises ValueError if the value is not present."""passdef reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """passdef sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1"""passdef __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """passdef __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """passdef __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """passdef __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]Use of negative indices is not supported."""passdef __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """passdef __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """passdef __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """passdef __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]Use of negative indices is not supported."""passdef __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """passdef __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """passdef __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """passdef __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """passdef __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__"""list() -> new empty listlist(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items# (copied from class doc)"""passdef __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """passdef __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """passdef __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """passdef __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """passdef __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """pass@staticmethod # known case of __new__def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """passdef __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """passdef __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """passdef __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """passdef __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """passdef __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """passdef __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=yUse  of negative indices is not supported."""passdef __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """pass__hash__ = Nonelistlist

六、元组

如：('shuai','ge','tianshuai')、('wupeiqi', 'alex')

每个元组都具备如下功能：

class tuple(object):"""tuple() -> empty tupletuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's itemsIf the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object."""def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """return 0def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.Raises ValueError if the value is not present."""return 0def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """passdef __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """passdef __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """passdef __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """passdef __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """passdef __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknownpassdef __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]Use of negative indices is not supported."""passdef __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """passdef __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """passdef __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """passdef __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__"""tuple() -> empty tupletuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's itemsIf the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.# (copied from class doc)"""passdef __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """passdef __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """passdef __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """passdef __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """passdef __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """pass@staticmethod # known case of __new__def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """passdef __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """passdef __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """passdef __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """passdef __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """passtupletuple

七、字典

如：{'name': 'luotianshuai', 'age': 18} 、{'host': '2.2.2.2', 'port': 80]}

ps：循环时，默认循环key

每个字典都具备如下功能：

class dict(object):"""dict() -> new empty dictionarydict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's(key, value) pairsdict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:d = {}for k, v in iterable:d[k] = vdict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairsin the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)"""def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 清除内容 """""" D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """passdef copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 浅拷贝 """""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """pass@staticmethod # known casedef fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__"""dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.v defaults to None."""passdef get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """""" D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """passdef has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 是否有key """""" D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """return Falsedef items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 所有项的列表形式 """""" D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """return []def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 项可迭代 """""" D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """passdef iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" key可迭代 """""" D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """passdef itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" value可迭代 """""" D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """passdef keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 所有的key列表 """""" D.keys() -> list of D's keys """return []def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 获取并在字典中移除 """"""D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised"""passdef popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 获取并在字典中移除 """"""D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty."""passdef setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """""" D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """passdef update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update""" 更新{'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}[('name','sbsbsb'),]""""""D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = vIn either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]"""passdef values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 所有的值 """""" D.values() -> list of D's values """return []def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """""" D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """passdef viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """passdef viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """passdef __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """passdef __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """return Falsedef __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """passdef __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """passdef __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """passdef __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """passdef __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """passdef __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """passdef __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__"""dict() -> new empty dictionarydict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's(key, value) pairsdict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:d = {}for k, v in iterable:d[k] = vdict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairsin the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)# (copied from class doc)"""passdef __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """passdef __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """passdef __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """passdef __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """pass@staticmethod # known case of __new__def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """passdef __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """passdef __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """passdef __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """passdef __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """pass__hash__ = Nonedictdict

八、set集合

set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合

class set(object):"""set() -> new empty set objectset(iterable) -> new set objectBuild an unordered collection of unique elements."""def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 添加 """"""Add an element to a set.This has no effect if the element is already present."""passdef clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Remove all elements from this set. """passdef copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return a shallow copy of a set. """passdef difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown"""Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)"""passdef difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 删除当前set中的所有包含在 new set 里的元素 """""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. """passdef discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 移除元素 """"""Remove an element from a set if it is a member.If the element is not a member, do nothing."""passdef intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 取交集，新创建一个set """"""Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set.(i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.)"""passdef intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 取交集，修改原来set """""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """passdef isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 如果没有交集，返回true  """""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """passdef issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 是否是子集 """""" Report whether another set contains this set. """passdef issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 是否是父集 """""" Report whether this set contains another set. """passdef pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 移除 """"""Remove and return an arbitrary set element.Raises KeyError if the set is empty."""passdef remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 移除 """"""Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError."""passdef symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 差集，创建新对象""""""Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)"""passdef symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 差集，改变原来 """""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """passdef union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 并集 """"""Return the union of sets as a new set.(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)"""passdef update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" 更新 """""" Update a set with the union of itself and others. """passdef __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """passdef __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """passdef __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """passdef __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """passdef __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """passdef __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """passdef __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """passdef __iand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y """passdef __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__"""set() -> new empty set objectset(iterable) -> new set objectBuild an unordered collection of unique elements.# (copied from class doc)"""passdef __ior__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y """passdef __isub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y """passdef __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """passdef __ixor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y """passdef __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """passdef __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """passdef __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """pass@staticmethod # known case of __new__def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """passdef __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """passdef __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """passdef __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """passdef __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return state information for pickling. """passdef __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """passdef __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """passdef __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """passdef __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """passdef __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """passdef __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """passdef __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__""" x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """pass__hash__ = Nonesetset