UNION ALL returning wrong results?

有应用人员反映某套Linux上的11.2.0.1数据库系统中出现了UNION ALL后返回的结果集不正确的问题,我们具体分析下出现问题的其中一条语句: 

SELECT MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.SECONDARY_INVENTORY_NAME,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ORGANIZATION_ID,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DESCRIPTION,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.AVAILABILITY_TYPE,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.MATERIAL_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.MATERIAL_OVERHEAD_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.RESOURCE_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.OVERHEAD_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.OUTSIDE_PROCESSING_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ASSET_INVENTORY,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.EXPENSE_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ENCUMBRANCE_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ATTRIBUTE3,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ATTRIBUTE5,WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEFROM REPEMEAERP.MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES,REPEMEAERP.WORKFLOW_START_TIMESWHERE MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT >TO_DATE('01/01/1900 00:00:00', 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS')AND MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT <=WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEAND WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_NAME =LTRIM(RTRIM('w_int_FreqBatch_EMEA'))
/*以上是QUERY A*/
UNION ALL
/*以下是QUERY B*/
SELECT DISTINCT 'WORKORDERS',MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ORGANIZATION_ID,'WORK ORDERS WITH WIP AS CATEGORY VALUE',1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,'MOI','0',WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEFROM REPEMEAERP.MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES, EIMMAINT.WORKFLOW_START_TIMESWHERE MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT >TO_DATE('01/01/1900 00:00:00', 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS')AND MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT <=WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEAND WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_NAME =LTRIM(RTRIM('w_int_FreqBatch_EMEA'))
/
138 rows selected.
以上查询语句中，QUERY A部分(也就是UNION ALL之前的SELECT语句)单独查询时返回返回69条记录，QUERY B部分单独查询时返回15记录，UNION ALL后返回的结果却是138条记录，而非84条记录。实际上这套系统也是最近才从10g迁移到11gr2上，之前在10g中同样的应用没有出过类似的问题，可以猜测是11g中新引入的某种特性存在可能引发wrong result的Bug。 具体思路虽然有了，但仍无法确定问题的关键所在；我们来看看该SQL的执行计划: 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                       | Name                          | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                |                               |     7 |  2443 |    52   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS                   |                               |     7 |  2443 |    52   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL             | WORKFLOW_START_TIMES          |     1 |    29 |    48   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |   VIEW                          | VW_JF_SET$9BAED2EA            |     1 |   320 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    UNION ALL PUSHED PREDICATE   |                               |       |       |            |          |
|*  5 |     FILTER                      |                               |       |       |            |          |
|   6 |      TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES     |     3 |   336 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  7 |       INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES |     1 |       |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  8 |     FILTER                      |                               |       |       |            |          |
|   9 |      TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES     |     3 |    36 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 10 |       INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES |     1 |       |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------2 - filter("WORKFLOW_START_TIMES"."WORKFLOW_NAME"='w_int_FreqBatch_EMEA')
5 - filter(TO_DATE(' 1900-01-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss')<"WORKFLOW_START_TIMES"."WORKFLOW_START_TIME") 7 - access("MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES"."DW_UPDATE_DT">TO_DATE(' 1900-01-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss') AND "MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES"."DW_UPDATE_DT"<="WORKFLOW_START_TIMES"."WORKFLOW_START_TIME"
)
8 - filter(TO_DATE(' 1900-01-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss')<"WORKFLOW_START_TIMES"."WORKFLOW_START_TIME") 10 - access("MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES"."DW_UPDATE_DT">TO_DATE(' 1900-01-01 00:00:00', 'syyyy-mm-dd
hh24:mi:ss') AND "MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES"."DW_UPDATE_DT"<="WORKFLOW_START_TIMES"."WORKFLOW_START_TIME"
)
你可能从以上执行计划中发现了两处十分陌生的字眼:UNION ALL  PUSHED PREDICATE和VW_JF_SET$。它们是什么！？ 先来说说JF,JF是join factorization的缩写，你可以把它翻译作链接因式分解，如果你学过离散数学或者数据库原理的话，那么这种在11.2.0.1中最新推出的基于成本的变换操作对你来说并不陌生。用公式的样式来表达大概是下面这样: 

YYA,YYB和YYC是3个关联的数据对象亦或者是3个关联的结果集;
(YYA JOIN YYB) UNION [ALL] (YYA JOIN YYC)
可以转换成为:
YYA JOIN (YYB UNION [ALL] YYC)
这样做YYA部分只需要读取一次，还可以少做一次JOIN,听上去是挺不错的吧！ 下面我们来看一个Oracle使用join factorization的十分简单的实例: 

SQL> select * from v$version;BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE    11.2.0.1.0      Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 - ProductionSQL> drop table yya;drop table yya*ERROR at line 1:ORA-00942: table or view does not existSQL> drop table yyb;drop table yyb*ERROR at line 1:ORA-00942: table or view does not existSQL> create table yya as select rownum id1,rownum id2,rownum id3 from dual connect by level<=20000;
Table created.
SQL> create table yyb as select rownum id1,rownum id2,rownum id3 from dual connect by level<=20000;
Table created.SQL> explain plan for
2  select * from yya ,yyb where yya.id1=yyb.id1
3  union all
4  select * from yya, yyb where yya.id1=yyb.id1;Explained.SQL> set linesize 100 pagesize 1400;SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 744914999-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation            | Name               | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |                    | 40000 |  2500K|    49   (3)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN           |                    | 40000 |  2500K|    49   (3)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL  | YYA                | 20000 |   234K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |   VIEW               | VW_JF_SET$6E3F6682 | 40000 |  2031K|    32   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    UNION-ALL         |                    |       |       |            |          |
|   5 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYB                | 20000 |   761K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYB                | 20000 |   761K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------1 - access("YYA"."ID1"="ITEM_1")/*执行计划中出现了VW_JF_SET$F22B2A93,Oracle选择了使用join factorization，该执行计划总成本49*/SQL> alter session set "_optimizer_join_factorization"=false;Session altered./*隐藏参数_optimizer_join_factorization决定了优化器是否可以选用join factorization,现在我们禁用它*/
SQL> explain plan for2  select * from yya join yyb on yya.id1=yyb.id13  union all4  select * from yya join yyb on yya.id1=yyb.id1;Explained.SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3439541885----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation           | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT    |      | 40000 |  1992K|    66  (52)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  UNION-ALL          |      |       |       |            |          |
|*  2 |   HASH JOIN         |      | 20000 |   996K|    33   (4)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYA  | 20000 |   234K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYB  | 20000 |   761K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  5 |   HASH JOIN         |      | 20000 |   996K|    33   (4)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYA  | 20000 |   234K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYB  | 20000 |   761K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------2 - access("YYA"."ID1"="YYB"."ID1")5 - access("YYA"."ID1"="YYB"."ID1")
/*禁用链接因式分解后，Oracle使用了常规的"笨办法"，成本上升到66*//*有趣的是下面的测试*/SQL> alter session set "_optimizer_join_factorization"=true;Session altered.SQL> create table yyc as select * from yyb;Table created.SQL> explain plan for2  select * from yya,yyc where yya.id1=yyc.id13  union all4  select * from yya,yyb where yya.id1=yyb.id1;Explained.SQL>  select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4240055274----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation           | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT    |      | 40000 |  1992K|    66  (52)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  UNION-ALL          |      |       |       |            |          |
|*  2 |   HASH JOIN         |      | 20000 |   996K|    33   (4)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYA  | 20000 |   234K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYC  | 20000 |   761K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  5 |   HASH JOIN         |      | 20000 |   996K|    33   (4)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYA  | 20000 |   234K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL| YYB  | 20000 |   761K|    16   (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------2 - access("YYA"."ID1"="YYC"."ID1")5 - access("YYA"."ID1"="YYB"."ID1")
/*confused，Oracle有什么理由在这里反而不用join factorization了呢?看起来短期内join factorization的实际应用还有待"商榷"
*//*10053事件能解释这一问题吗?*/
SQL> alter system flush shared_pool;System altered.SQL> oradebug setmypid;
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug event 10053 trace name context forever,level 1;
Statement processed.
SQL> explain plan for2  select * from yya join yyb on yya.id1=yyb.id13  union all4  select * from yya join yyc on yya.id1=yyc.id1;Explained.SQL> oradebug event 10053 trace name context off;
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name;
/home/maclean/app/maclean/diag/rdbms/prod/PROD/trace/PROD_ora_7907.trcview /home/maclean/app/maclean/diag/rdbms/prod/PROD/trace/PROD_ora_7907.trc
***********************************
Cost-Based Join Factorization
***********************************
Join-Factorization on query block SET$1 (#1)
JF: Using search type: exhaustive
JF: Generate basic transformation units
Validating JF unit: (branch: {2, 3} table: {YYA, YYA})rejected: join predicates do not matchJF: Generate transformation units from basic units
JF: No state generated.
/*优化器认为其链接谓词不符合使用join  factorization的条件，JF题案被驳回，"悬案"!*/
join factorization是很棒的新技术，这点没错，但新技术往往又是horrible(可怕的)，最近我常用这个词。我们的问题是不是这个新来的引起的呢?通过join factorization关键字检索MOS，可以发现一个今年(2010)3月出现的Bug 9504322,quote:
Hdr: 9504322 11.2.0.1 RDBMS 11.2.0.1 QRY OPTIMIZER PRODID-5 PORTID-226 Abstract: WRONG RESULTS WITH UNION_ALL AND INLINE VIEWS *** 03/24/10 05:38 am *** PROBLEM: -------- Wrong results on 11.2 for queries of type: SELECT * FROM ( SELECT ... FROM view, table WHERE ... UNION ALL SELECT ... FROM view, table WHERE NOT ... ); DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS: -------------------- Problem seen between 10.2.0.4 and 11.2.0.1. If we remove the use of inline view the correct results are returned. WORKAROUND: ----------- N/A RELATED BUGS: ------------- REPRODUCIBILITY: ---------------- It is reproducing on generic 11.2.0.1
呵呵，似乎有点眉目了，不过实践是检验真理的唯一标准: 
SQL> alter session set "_optimizer_join_factorization"=true;Session altered.SELECT MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.SECONDARY_INVENTORY_NAME,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ORGANIZATION_ID,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DESCRIPTION,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.AVAILABILITY_TYPE,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.MATERIAL_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.MATERIAL_OVERHEAD_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.RESOURCE_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.OVERHEAD_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.OUTSIDE_PROCESSING_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ASSET_INVENTORY,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.EXPENSE_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ENCUMBRANCE_ACCOUNT,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ATTRIBUTE3,MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ATTRIBUTE5,WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEFROM REPEMEAERP.MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES,REPEMEAERP.WORKFLOW_START_TIMESWHERE MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT >TO_DATE('01/01/1900 00:00:00', 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS')AND MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT <=WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEAND WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_NAME =LTRIM(RTRIM('w_int_FreqBatch_EMEA'))
/*以上是QUERY A*/
UNION ALL
/*以下是QUERY B*/
SELECT DISTINCT 'WORKORDERS',MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.ORGANIZATION_ID,'WORK ORDERS WITH WIP AS CATEGORY VALUE',1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,'MOI','0',WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEFROM REPEMEAERP.MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES, EIMMAINT.WORKFLOW_START_TIMESWHERE MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT >TO_DATE('01/01/1900 00:00:00', 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS')AND MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES.DW_UPDATE_DT <=WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_START_TIMEAND WORKFLOW_START_TIMES.WORKFLOW_NAME =LTRIM(RTRIM('w_int_FreqBatch_EMEA'))
/138 rows selected.
结果和我们猜想的大相径庭，join factorization并非罪魁，找不到终点让我们回到原点。 至此UNION ALL PUSHED PREDICATE有了极大的嫌疑，什么是PUSH PREDICATE？我把它叫做谓词前推，这玩样最早出现在10g上，但一直问题多多！它到底是何种OPERATION呢？让我们来看看下面的例子: 

SQL> select * from v$version;BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE    11.2.0.1.0      Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 - ProductionSQL> create table youyus (t1 int,t2 varchar2(20));Table created.SQL> alter table youyus add primary key(t1);Table altered.SQL> explain plan for2  select *3    from youyus4  union all5  select * from youyus;Explained.
/*在之后的语句中将用到这个子查询*/
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1959159425-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |        |     2 |    50 |     4  (50)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  UNION-ALL         |        |       |       |            |          |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| YOUYUS |     1 |    25 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| YOUYUS |     1 |    25 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/*在之后的语句中将用到这个子查询,这里它的"原始"执行计划十分简单*/SQL> explain plan for2  select v2.t1, v2.t23    from (select t1 from youyus where rownum=1) v1,4         (select *5            from youyus6          union all7          select * from youyus) v28   where v1.t1 = v2.t1;Explained.SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2456530141-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                      | Name         | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT               |              |     1 |    27 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS                  |              |     1 |    27 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   VIEW                         |              |     1 |    13 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |    COUNT STOPKEY               |              |       |       |            |          |
|   4 |     INDEX FULL SCAN            | SYS_C0010819 |     1 |    13 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   5 |   VIEW                         |              |     1 |    14 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |    UNION ALL PUSHED PREDICATE  |              |       |       |            |          |
|   7 |     TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| YOUYUS       |     1 |    25 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  8 |      INDEX UNIQUE SCAN         | SYS_C0010819 |     1 |       |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   9 |     TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| YOUYUS       |     1 |    25 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 10 |      INDEX UNIQUE SCAN         | SYS_C0010819 |     1 |       |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------3 - filter(ROWNUM=1)8 - access("YOUYUS"."T1"="V1"."T1")10 - access("YOUYUS"."T1"="V1"."T1")
/* PUSHED PREDICATE将谓词逻辑前推到UNION ALL的子查询中，其优势在于可以避免全表扫描，利用索引*/SQL> set linesize 100 pagesize 1400;
SQL>
SQL> explain plan for2  select /*+ no_push_pred(v2) */ v2.t1, v2.t23    from (select t1 from youyus where rownum=1) v1,4         (select *5            from youyus6          union all7          select * from youyus) v28   where v1.t1 = v2.t1;Explained.SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2769827061-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation            | Name         | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |              |     1 |    38 |     6  (17)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN           |              |     1 |    38 |     6  (17)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   VIEW               |              |     1 |    13 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |    COUNT STOPKEY     |              |       |       |            |          |
|   4 |     INDEX FULL SCAN  | SYS_C0010819 |     1 |    13 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   5 |   VIEW               |              |     2 |    50 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |    UNION-ALL         |              |       |       |            |          |
|   7 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| YOUYUS       |     1 |    25 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   8 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| YOUYUS       |     1 |    25 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------1 - access("V1"."T1"="V2"."T1")3 - filter(ROWNUM=1)
/*no_push_pred hint让Oracle 放弃使用PUSHED PREDICATE，使用常规UNION-ALL操作后，子查询执行计划回归成全表扫描，整个计划成本上升*/

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/macleanoracle/archive/2010/08/06/2967489.html

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