python基础知识-列表，元组，字典

列表（list）

赋值方法：

 l = [11,45,67,34,89,23]

l = list()

列表的方法：

#!/usr/bin/env python

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''在列表末尾添加一个新的对象'''
        """ L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end """
        pass

    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''清空列表中的所有对象'''
        """ L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''拷贝一个新的列表'''
        """ L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L """
        return []

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''某个元素在列表中出现的次数'''
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''在列表的末尾追加另外一个列表的多个值'''
        """ L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''查找给定值第一次出现的位置'''
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''指定位置插入元素'''
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass

    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''移除列表中最后一个元素,并获取这个元素'''
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''移除列表中给定值的第一次出现的元素'''
        """
        L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass

    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''反转列表'''
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''对列表中的元素排序'''
        """ L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE* """
        pass

方法示例：

####

append()

>>> l = [11,45,67,34,89,23]

>>> l.append(44)

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44]

####

>>> l

[1, 4, 7, 11, 23, 34, 34, 44, 44, 45, 67, 89]

>>> l.clear()

>>> l

[]

####

copy()

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44]

>>> i = l.copy()

>>> i

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44]

####

count()

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34]

>>> l.count(44)

3

####

extend()

>>> i = [1,4,7,6]

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34]

>>> l.extend(i)

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7, 6]

####

indexi()

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7, 6]

>>> l.index(44)

6

>>> l.index(45)

1

####

pop()

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7, 6]

>>> l.pop()

6

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7]

####

remove()

>>> l

[11, 45, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7]

>>> l.remove(45)

>>> l

[11, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7]

>>> l.remove(44)

>>> l

[11, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7]

####

reverse()

>>> l

[11, 67, 34, 89, 23, 44, 44, 45, 34, 1, 4, 7]

>>> l.reverse()

>>> l

[7, 4, 1, 34, 45, 44, 44, 23, 89, 34, 67, 11]

####

sort()

>>> l

[7, 4, 1, 34, 45, 44, 44, 23, 89, 34, 67, 11]

>>> l.sort()

>>> l

[1, 4, 7, 11, 23, 34, 34, 44, 44, 45, 67, 89]

####

元组：

元组中的元素是不可以改变的。

赋值方法：

tup = 'a','b','c'

tup = ('a', 'b', 'c')

 元组的方法：

#!/usr/bin/env python
class tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''某个元素在元素中出现的次数'''
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''查找给定值第一次出现的位置'''
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

方法示例：

####

count()

>>> tup = ('a','b','c','b')
>>> tup.count('b')
2

####

index()

>>> tup = ('a','b','c','b')

>>> tup.index('b')
1

###

字典：

字典（dict）：字典为一对键（key）和值（value）的对应关系，中间使用“：”分隔开。

key在字典中是唯一的，字典是无序的。

赋值字典：

dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}

字典的方法：

#!/usr/bin/env python
class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """
    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''清空字典'''
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''拷贝字典，浅拷贝'''
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        '''首先有一个列表，这个列表将作为一个字典的key，如果不给值则所有key的值为空，如果给值就将值设置为key的值'''
        """ Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """
        pass

    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''根据key取值，如果没有这个key,不返回值'''
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass

    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''所有key和值组成列表的形式'''
        """ D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass

    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''所有key组成列表的形式'''
        """ D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass

    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''获取key的值，并从字典中删除'''
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass

    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''获取键值对，并在字典中删除，随机的'''
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass

    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''如果key不存在，则创建，如果key存在则返回key的值，不会修改key的值'''
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass

    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        '''更新'''
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass

    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        '''所有值的列表形式'''
        """ D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if D has a key k, else False. """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Delete self[key]. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Set self[key] to value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

 

方法示例：

####

clear()

>>> dic

{'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}

>>> dic.clear()

>>> dic

{}

####

copy()

>>> dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}

>>> dic2 = dic.copy()

>>> dic2

{'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}

####

>>> l = [2,3,5,6,7]

>>> d = dict.fromkeys(l)

>>> d

{2: None, 3: None, 5: None, 6: None, 7: None}

>>> d = dict.fromkeys(l,'a')

>>> d

{2: 'a', 3: 'a', 5: 'a', 6: 'a', 7: 'a'}

####

items()

>>> dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}

>>> dic.items()

dict_items([('k1', 'v1'), ('k2', 'v2'), ('k3', 'v3')])

####

keys()

>>> dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}

>>> dic.keys()

dict_keys(['k1', 'k2', 'k3'])

####

pop()

>>> dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}

>>> dic.pop('k2')

'v2'

>>> dic

{'k1': 'v1', 'k3': 'v3'}

####

popitme()

>>> dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}

>>> dic.popitem()

('k2', 'v2')

>>> dic

{'k1':'v1','k3':'v3'}

####

setdefault()

>>> dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}

>>> dic.setdefault('k2')

'v2'

>>> dic.setdefault('k4','v4')

'v4'

>>> dic

{'k1': 'v1', 'k4': 'v4', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}

####

update()

>>> dic

{'k1': 'v1', 'k4': 'v4', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}

>>> dic2

{'k5': 'v5'}

>>> dic.update(dic2)

>>> dic

{'k1': 'v1', 'k5': 'v5', 'k4': 'v4', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}

>>> dic2

{'k5': 'v5'}

####

values()

>>> dic

{'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}

>>> dic.values()

dict_values(['v1', 'v2', 'v3'])

####