1、string字符串
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;int main (int argc, char** argv)
{const string delims(" \t,.;");string line;// for every line read successfullywhile (getline(cin,line)) {string::size_type begIdx, endIdx;// search beginning of the first wordbegIdx = line.find_first_not_of(delims);// while beginning of a word foundwhile (begIdx != string::npos) {// search end of the actual wordendIdx = line.find_first_of (delims, begIdx);if (endIdx == string::npos) {// end of word is end of lineendIdx = line.length();}// print characters in reverse orderfor (int i=endIdx-1; i>=static_cast<int>(begIdx); --i) {cout << line[i];}cout << ' ';// search beginning of the next wordbegIdx = line.find_first_not_of (delims, endIdx);}cout << endl;}
}
输入：ajsdk12345e.asfa \jkawefa
输出：e54321kdsja afsa afewakj\
（1）string各项操作
（2）构造函数和析构函数
data() 和 c_str()以字符数组的形式返回string内容，并且在该数组位置[size()]上有一个'\0'结束字符。copy()将string内容复制到调用者提供的字符数组中，其末尾不添加'\0'字符，注意，data()和c_str()返回的字符数组由该string拥有，也就是说，调用者不可以改动它或者释放其内存。
例如：
std::string s("12345");
atoi(s.c_str())
f(s.data, s.length())char buffer[100];
s.copy(buffer, 100); //copy at most 100 characters os s into buffer
s.copy(buffer, 200, 2); //copy at most 100 characters of s into buffer//starting with the third character of s一般而言，整个程序你应该坚持使用string，直到你必须将其内容转化为char*时，注意c_str()和data()的返回值的有效期在下一次调用non-const 成员函数时即告终止。
std::string s;
...
foo(s.c_str()); //s.c_str() is valid during the whole statementconst char* p;
p = s.c_str(); //p refers to the contents of s as a C-string
foo(p); //OK (p is still valid)
s += "ext"; //invalidates p
foo(p); //ERROR: argument p is not valid
（3）赋值操作
const std::string aString("othello");
std::string s;
s = aString;
s = "two\nlines";
a = ' ';
s.assign(aString);
s.assign(aString, 1, 3);
s.assign(aString, 2, std::string::npos);
s.assign("two\nlines");
s.assign("nico", 5);
s.assign(5, 'x');（4）安插和移除字符
const std::string aString("othello");
std::string s;
s += aString;
s += "two\nlines";
s += '\n';
s += {'o', 'k'};
s.append(aString);
s.append(aString, 1, 3); //append "the"
s.append(aString, 2, std::string::npos); // append "hello"
s.append("two\nlines");
s.append("nico", 5); //append character array 'n' 'i' 'c' '0' '\0'
s.append(5, 'x'); //append five characters 'x' 'x' 'x' 'x' 'x'
s.push_back('\n'); s.insert(1, aString);
//注意，成员函数insert()不接受索引+单字符的实参组合，必须传入一个string或者加上一个额外数字
s.insert(0, ' '); //ERROR
s.insert(0, " "); //OK
//你也可以这样尝试
s.insert(0, 1,' '); // ERROR : ambiguous
// 由于insert()具有以下重载形式，上一行会导致令人厌烦的歧义
insert(size_type idx, size_type num, charT c); //position is index
insert(iterator pos, size_type num, charT c); //position is iterator
string的size_type通常被定义为unsigned，string的iterator通常被定义为char*。
于是第一实参0有两种转换可能，不分优劣，为了获得正确的操作，必须使用如下:
s.insert((std::string::size_tpye)0, 1, ' '); //OKstd::string s = "i18n"; //s:i18n
s.replace(1, 2, "nternationalizatio"); //s:internationalization
s.erase(13); //s:international
s.erase(7, 5); //s:internal
s.pop_back(); //s:interna(since C++11)
s.replace(0, 2, "ex"); //s:externa（5）子字符串和字符串拼接
std::string s("interchangeability");
s.substr() //returns a copy of s
s.substr(11) //returns string("ability")
s.substr(5, 6); //returns string("change")
s.substr(s.find('c')); //returns string("changeability")（6）getline()
读取一行字符，包括前导空白字符，遇到换行或者end-of-file，分行符会被读取出来，但是不会添加到结果上，默认分行符是换行符号，也可以自定义任意符号作为分行符。
while(std::getline(std::cin,s)) {}
while(std::getline(std::cin, s, ':')){}如果自定义了分行符，则换行符就被当做普通字符。
（7）搜索查找
std::string s("Hi Bill, I'm ill, so please pay the bill");
s.find("il"); //returns 4
s.find("il", 10); //returns 13
s.rfind("il"); //returns 37
s.find_first_of("il"); //returns 1
s.find_last_of("il"); //returns 39
s.find_first_not_of("il"); //returns 0
s.find_last_not_of("il"); //returns 36
s.find("hi"); //returns npos（8）npos的意义
如果查找失败，会返回string::npos，使用string的npos值及其类型时要格外小心，若要检查函数返回值，一定要使用类型string::size_type,不能使用int或unsigned作为返回值类型，否则返回值与string::npos之间的比较可能无法正确执行，这是因为npos被设置为-1。
事实上(unsigned long)-1与(unsigned short)-1不同，因此对于下列表达式：
idx == std::string::npos，如果idx的值为-1，由于idx和string::npos类型不同，比较结果可能会是false。
（9）数值转换
自C++11起，C++标准库提供了一些便捷函数，用来将string转换为数值或者反向转换，但是只适用于类型string或者wstring类型，不适用于u16string和u32string。
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <exception>int main()
{try {// convert to numeric typestd::cout << std::stoi (" 77") << std::endl;std::cout << std::stod (" 77.7") << std::endl;std::cout << std::stoi ("-0x77") << std::endl;// use index of characters not processedstd::size_t idx;std::cout << std::stoi (" 42 is the truth", &idx) << std::endl;std::cout << " idx of first unprocessed char: " << idx << std::endl;// use bases 16 and 8std::cout << std::stoi (" 42", nullptr, 16) << std::endl;std::cout << std::stol ("789", &idx, 8) << std::endl;std::cout << " idx of first unprocessed char: " << idx << std::endl;// convert numeric value to stringlong long ll = std::numeric_limits<long long>::max();std::string s = std::to_string(ll); // converts maximum long long to stringstd::cout << s << std::endl;// try to convert backstd::cout << std::stoi(s) << std::endl; // throws out_of_range}catch (const std::exception& e) {std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;}
}
输出：
77
77.7
0
42idx of first unprocessed char: 4
66
7idx of first unprocessed char: 1
9223372036854775807
stoistd::stoi("-0x77")只会解析-0，std::stol("789", &idx, 8)只解析7，因为8在8进制中是一个无效字符。
（10）string iterator使用实例
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>
#include <regex>
using namespace std;int main()
{// create a stringstring s("The zip code of Braunschweig in Germany is 38100");cout << "original: " << s << endl;// lowercase all characterstransform (s.cbegin(), s.cend(), // sources.begin(), // destination[] (char c) { // operationreturn tolower(c);});cout << "lowered: " << s << endl;// uppercase all characterstransform (s.cbegin(), s.cend(), // sources.begin(), // destination[] (char c) { // operationreturn toupper(c);});cout << "uppered: " << s << endl;// search case-insensitive for Germanystring g("Germany");string::const_iterator pos;pos = search (s.cbegin(),s.cend(), // source string in which to searchg.cbegin(),g.cend(), // substring to search[] (char c1, char c2) { // comparison criterionreturn toupper(c1) == toupper(c2);});if (pos != s.cend()) {cout << "substring \"" << g << "\" found at index "<< pos - s.cbegin() << endl;}
}
输出：
original: The zip code of Braunschweig in Germany is 38100
lowered: the zip code of braunschweig in germany is 38100
uppered: THE ZIP CODE OF BRAUNSCHWEIG IN GERMANY IS 38100
substring "Germany" found at index 32
（11）为string打造trait class，允许以大小写无关的方式操作字符
#ifndef ICSTRING_HPP
#define ICSTRING_HPP#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>// replace functions of the standard char_traits<char>
// so that strings behave in a case-insensitive way
struct ignorecase_traits : public std::char_traits<char> {// return whether c1 and c2 are equalstatic bool eq(const char& c1, const char& c2) {return std::toupper(c1)==std::toupper(c2);}// return whether c1 is less than c2static bool lt(const char& c1, const char& c2) {return std::toupper(c1)<std::toupper(c2);}// compare up to n characters of s1 and s2static int compare(const char* s1, const char* s2,std::size_t n) {for (std::size_t i=0; i<n; ++i) {if (!eq(s1[i],s2[i])) {return lt(s1[i],s2[i])?-1:1;}}return 0;}// search c in sstatic const char* find(const char* s, std::size_t n,const char& c) {for (std::size_t i=0; i<n; ++i) {if (eq(s[i],c)) {return &(s[i]);}}return 0;}
};// define a special type for such strings
typedef std::basic_string<char,ignorecase_traits> icstring;// define an output operator
// because the traits type is different from that for std::ostream
inline
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& strm, const icstring& s)
{// simply convert the icstring into a normal stringreturn strm << std::string(s.data(),s.length());
}#endif // ICSTRING_HPP#include "icstring.hpp"int main()
{using std::cout;using std::endl;icstring s1("hallo");icstring s2("otto");icstring s3("hALLo");cout << std::boolalpha;cout << s1 << " == " << s2 << " : " << (s1==s2) << endl;cout << s1 << " == " << s3 << " : " << (s1==s3) << endl;icstring::size_type idx = s1.find("All");if (idx != icstring::npos) {cout << "index of \"All\" in \"" << s1 << "\": "<< idx << endl;}else {cout << "\"All\" not found in \"" << s1 << endl;}
}
输出：
hallo == otto : false
hallo == hALLo : true
index of "All" in "hallo": 1
