如下

docker pull mysql
docker run --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -v D:/dockerFile/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql/ -v D:/dockerFile/mysql/conf/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -d mysql:latest --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
docker exec -it mysql/bin/bash

C:\Users\lxhjy>docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
8e0176adc18c: Pull complete
2d2c52718f65: Pull complete
d88d03ce139b: Pull complete
4a7d7f11aa1e: Pull complete
ce5949193e4c: Pull complete
f7f024dfb329: Pull complete
5fc3c840facc: Pull complete
509068e49488: Pull complete
cbc847bab598: Pull complete
942bef62a146: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:1773f3c7aa9522f0014d0ad2bbdaf597ea3b1643c64c8ccc2123c64afd8b82b1
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latestWhat's Next?1. Sign in to your Docker account → docker login2. View a summary of image vulnerabilities and recommendations → docker scout quickview mysqlC:\Users\lxhjy>docker run --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -v mysql-data:D:/dockerFile/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql/ -v mysql-cnf:D:/dockerFile/mysql/conf/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -d mysql:latest --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
docker: Error response from daemon: mount denied:
the source path "mysql-data:D:/dockerFile/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql/"
too many colons.
See 'docker run --help'.C:\Users\lxhjy>docker run --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -v D:/dockerFile/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql/ -v D:/dockerFile/mysql/conf/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -d mysql:latest --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
44e6fdfc6e135575ecd038be1c22e133e723a6fb01bd4b4228fafcc569423460C:\Users\lxhjy>docker exec -it mysql/bin/bash
"docker exec" requires at least 2 arguments.
See 'docker exec --help'.Usage:  docker exec [OPTIONS] CONTAINER COMMAND [ARG...]Execute a command in a running containerC:\Users\lxhjy>docker exec -it mysql /bin/bash
bash-4.4# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.2.0 MySQL Community Server - GPLCopyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql>

参考文章

https://blog.csdn.net/nmajsjpy/article/details/130183104?ops_request_misc=&request_id=&biz_id=102&utm_term=windows%20docker%20%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85mysql%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80&utm_medium=distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-blog-2_allsobaiduweb~default-1-130183104.142^v96pc_search_result_base4&spm=1018.2226.3001.4187