翻译自 https://medium.com/mindorks/how-to-unit-test-private-methods-in-java-and-kotlin-d3cae49dccd
❓如何单元测试 Kotlin/Java 中的 private 方法❓
首先,开发者应该测试代码里的 private 私有方法吗?
直接信任这些私有方法,测试到调用它们的公开方法感觉就够了吧。
对于这个争论,每个开发者都会有自己的观点。
但回到开头的问题本身,到底有没有一种合适的途径来实现私有方法的单元测试?
截止到目前,在面对单元测试私有方法的问题时,一般有如下几种选择:
-
不去测试私有方法 😜*(选择信任,直接躺平)*
-
将目标方法临时改成 public 公开访问权限 😒(可我不愿意这样做,这不符合代码规范。作为一名开发者,我要遵循最佳实践)
-
使用嵌套的测试类 😒*(将测试代码和生产代码混到一起不太好吧,我再强调一遍:我是很优秀的开发者,要遵循最佳实践)*
-
使用 Java 反射机制 😃*(听起来还行,可以试试这个方案)*
大家都知道通过 Java 反射机制可以访问到其他类中的私有属性和方法,而且写起来也不麻烦,在单元测试里采用该机制应该也很容易上手。
注意:
只有将代码作为独立的 Java 程序运行时,这个方案才适用,就像单元测试、常规的 Java 应用程序。但如果在 Java Applet 上执行反射,则需要对 SecurityManager
做些干预。由于这不是高频场景,本文不对其作额外阐述。
Java 8 中添加了对反射方法参数的支持,使得开发者可以在运行时获得参数名称。
访问私有属性
Class
类提供的 getField(String name)
和 getFields()
只能返回公开访问权限的属性,访问私有权限的属性则需要调用 getDeclaredField(String name)
或 getDeclaredFields()
。
下面是一个简单的代码示例:一个拥有私有属性的类以及如何通过 Java 反射来访问这个属性。
public class PrivateObject {private String privateString = null;public PrivateObject(String privateString) {this.privateString = privateString;}
}PrivateObject privateObject = new PrivateObject("The Private Value");
Field privateStringField = PrivateObject.class.getDeclaredField("privateString");privateStringField.setAccessible(true);String fieldValue = (String) privateStringField.get(privateObject);System.out.println("fieldValue = " + fieldValue);
上述代码将打印出如下结果:内容来自于 PrivateObject
实例的私有属性 privateString
的值。
fieldValue = The Private Value
需要留意的是,getDeclaredField("privateString")
能返回私有属性没错,但其范围仅限 class 本身,不包含其父类中定义的属性。
还有一点是需要调用 Field.setAcessible(true)
,目的在于关闭反射里该 Field 的访问检查。
这样的话,如果访问的属性是私有的、受保护的或者包可见的,即使调用者不满足访问条件,仍然可以在反射里获取到该属性。当然,非反射的正常代码里依然无法获取到该属性,不受影响。
访问私有方法
和访问私有属性一样,访问私有方法需要调用 Class
类提供的 getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class[] parameterTypes)
或 Class.getDeclaredMethods()
。
同样的,我们展示一段代码示例:定义了私有方法的类以及通过反射访问它。
public class PrivateObject {private String privateString = null;public PrivateObject(String privateString) {this.privateString = privateString;}private String getPrivateString(){return this.privateString;}
}PrivateObject privateObject = new PrivateObject("The Private Value");
Method privateStringMethod = PrivateObject.class.getDeclaredMethod("getPrivateString", null);privateStringMethod.setAccessible(true);String returnValue = (String)
privateStringMethod.invoke(privateObject, null);System.out.println("returnValue = " + returnValue);
打印出的结果来自于 PrivateObject
实例中私有方法 getPrivateString()
的调用结果。
returnValue = The Private Value
注意点和访问私有属性一样:
getDeclaredMethod()
存在 class 本身的范围限制,不能获取到父类中定义的任何方法- 需要调用
Method.setAcessible(true)
来关闭反射中的Method
的访问权限检查,确保即便不满足访问条件,亦能在反射中成功访问
了解完通过反射来访问私有属性、方法的知识之后,让我们用在 unit test 中来测试本来难以覆盖到的私有方法。
LoginPresenter.kt
比如,我们的代码库中存在如下类 LoginPresenter
,并且咱们想要去单元测试其私有方法 saveAccount()
。
class LoginPresenter @Inject constructor(private val view: LoginView,private val strategy: CancelStrategy,private val navigator: AuthenticationNavigator,private val tokenRepository: TokenRepository,private val localRepository: LocalRepository,private val settingsInteractor: GetSettingsInteractor,private val analyticsManager: AnalyticsManager,private val saveCurrentServer: SaveCurrentServerInteractor,private val saveAccountInteractor: SaveAccountInteractor,private val factory: RocketChatClientFactory,val serverInteractor: GetConnectingServerInteractor
) {private var currentServer = serverInteractor.get() ?: defaultTestServerprivate val token = tokenRepository.get(currentServer)private lateinit var client: RocketChatClientprivate lateinit var settings: PublicSettingsfun setupView() {setupConnectionInfo(currentServer)setupForgotPasswordView()}private fun setupConnectionInfo(serverUrl: String) {currentServer = serverUrlclient = factory.get(currentServer)settings = settingsInteractor.get(currentServer)}private fun setupForgotPasswordView() {if (settings.isPasswordResetEnabled()) {view.showForgotPasswordView()}}fun authenticateWithUserAndPassword(usernameOrEmail: String, password: String) {launchUI(strategy) {view.showLoading()try {val token = retryIO("login") {when {settings.isLdapAuthenticationEnabled() ->client.loginWithLdap(usernameOrEmail, password)usernameOrEmail.isEmail() ->client.loginWithEmail(usernameOrEmail, password)else ->client.login(usernameOrEmail, password)}}val myself = retryIO("me()") { client.me() }myself.username?.let { username ->val user = User(id = myself.id,roles = myself.roles,status = myself.status,name = myself.name,emails = myself.emails?.map { Email(it.address ?: "", it.verified) },username = username,utcOffset = myself.utcOffset)localRepository.saveCurrentUser(currentServer, user)saveCurrentServer.save(currentServer)localRepository.save(LocalRepository.CURRENT_USERNAME_KEY, username)saveAccount(username)saveToken(token)analyticsManager.logLogin(AuthenticationEvent.AuthenticationWithUserAndPassword,true)view.saveSmartLockCredentials(usernameOrEmail, password)navigator.toChatList()}} catch (exception: RocketChatException) {when (exception) {is RocketChatTwoFactorException -> {navigator.toTwoFA(usernameOrEmail, password)}else -> {analyticsManager.logLogin(AuthenticationEvent.AuthenticationWithUserAndPassword,false)exception.message?.let {view.showMessage(it)}.ifNull {view.showGenericErrorMessage()}}}} finally {view.hideLoading()}}}fun forgotPassword() = navigator.toForgotPassword()private fun saveAccount(username: String) {val icon = settings.favicon()?.let {currentServer.serverLogoUrl(it)}val logo = settings.wideTile()?.let {currentServer.serverLogoUrl(it)}val thumb = currentServer.avatarUrl(username, token?.userId, token?.authToken)val account = Account(settings.siteName() ?: currentServer,currentServer,icon,logo,username,thumb)saveAccountInteractor.save(account)}private fun saveToken(token: Token) = tokenRepository.save(currentServer, token)
}
LoginPresenterTest.kt
单元测试的整体如下:
class LoginPresenterTest {private val view = mock(LoginView::class.java)private val strategy = mock(CancelStrategy::class.java)private val navigator = mock(AuthenticationNavigator::class.java)private val tokenRepository = mock(TokenRepository::class.java)private val localRepository = mock(LocalRepository::class.java)private val settingsInteractor = mock(GetSettingsInteractor::class.java)private val analyticsManager = mock(AnalyticsManager::class.java)private val saveCurrentServer = mock(SaveCurrentServerInteractor::class.java)private val saveAccountInteractor = mock(SaveAccountInteractor::class.java)private val factory = mock(RocketChatClientFactory::class.java)private val serverInteractor = mock(GetConnectingServerInteractor::class.java)private val token = mock(Token::class.java)const val currentServer: String = "https://open.rocket.chat"const val USERNAME: String = "user121"const val PASSWORD: String = "123456"lateinit var loginPresenter: LoginPresenterprivate val account = Account(currentServer, currentServer, null,null, USERNAME, UPDATED_AVATAR)@Beforefun setUp() {MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this)`when`(strategy.isTest).thenReturn(true)`when`(serverInteractor.get()).thenReturn(currentServer)loginPresenter = LoginPresenter(view, strategy, navigator, tokenRepository, localRepository, settingsInteractor,analyticsManager, saveCurrentServer, saveAccountInteractor, factory, serverInteractor)}@Testfun `check account is saved`() {...}
}
通过反射机制,私有方法 saveAccount() 的单测则可以很方便地进行。
class LoginPresenterTest {...@Testfun `check account is saved`() {loginPresenter.setupView()val method = loginPresenter.javaClass.getDeclaredMethod("saveAccount", String::class.java)method.isAccessible = trueval parameters = arrayOfNulls<Any>(1)parameters[0] = USERNAMEmethod.invoke(loginPresenter, *parameters)verify(saveAccountInteractor).save(account)}
}
本文浅显易懂,希望能向你展示反射的魔力,帮助开发者在单元测试中优雅、便捷地 cover 到私有方法!
最后,感谢你的阅读。