51.使用?当作错误处理符
? 是 Rust 中的错误处理操作符。通常用于尝试解析或执行可能失败的操作，并在出现错误时提前返回错误，以避免程序崩溃或出现未处理的错误。
具体来说，? 用于处理 Result 或 Option 类型的返回值。
// errors2.rs
// Say we're writing a game where you can buy items with tokens. All items cost
// 5 tokens, and whenever you purchase items there is a processing fee of 1
// token. A player of the game will type in how many items they want to buy,
// and the `total_cost` function will calculate the total number of tokens.
// Since the player typed in the quantity, though, we get it as a string-- and
// they might have typed anything, not just numbers!// Right now, this function isn't handling the error case at all (and isn't
// handling the success case properly either). What we want to do is:
// if we call the `parse` function on a string that is not a number, that
// function will return a `ParseIntError`, and in that case, we want to
// immediately return that error from our function and not try to multiply
// and add.// There are at least two ways to implement this that are both correct-- but
// one is a lot shorter!
// Execute `rustlings hint errors2` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEuse std::num::ParseIntError;pub fn total_cost(item_quantity: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {let processing_fee = 1;let cost_per_item = 5;let qty = item_quantity.parse::<i32>()?;Ok(qty * cost_per_item + processing_fee)
}#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {use super::*;#[test]fn item_quantity_is_a_valid_number() {assert_eq!(total_cost("34"), Ok(171));}#[test]fn item_quantity_is_an_invalid_number() {assert_eq!(total_cost("beep boop").unwrap_err().to_string(),"invalid digit found in string");}
}
52.在main函数中需要对ParseIntError进行Err匹配
这题只能这么理解,具体原理没翻到
// errors3.rs
// This is a program that is trying to use a completed version of the
// `total_cost` function from the previous exercise. It's not working though!
// Why not? What should we do to fix it?
// Execute `rustlings hint errors3` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEuse std::num::ParseIntError;fn main() {let mut tokens = 100;let pretend_user_input = "8";// let cost = total_cost(pretend_user_input)?;// if cost > tokens {// println!("You can't afford that many!");// } else {// tokens -= cost;// println!("You now have {} tokens.", tokens);// }match total_cost(pretend_user_input) {Ok(cost) =>{if cost > tokens {println!("You can't afford that many!");} else {tokens -= cost;println!("You now have {} tokens.", tokens);}}Err(message) => {}}
}pub fn total_cost(item_quantity: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {let processing_fee = 1;let cost_per_item = 5;let qty = item_quantity.parse::<i32>()?;Ok(qty * cost_per_item + processing_fee)
}
53.使用if处理不合理的数值范围
// errors4.rs
// Execute `rustlings hint errors4` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONE#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64);#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum CreationError {Negative,Zero,
}impl PositiveNonzeroInteger {fn new(value: i64) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, CreationError> {// Hmm...? Why is this only returning an Ok value?// Ok(PositiveNonzeroInteger(value as u64))if value>0 {Ok(PositiveNonzeroInteger(value as u64))}else if value==0 {Err(CreationError::Zero)}else{Err(CreationError::Negative)}}
}#[test]
fn test_creation() {assert!(PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(10).is_ok());assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Negative),PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(-10));assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Zero), PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(0));
}
54.在任意实现了error::Error的类型上处理错误类型
// errors5.rs// This program uses an altered version of the code from errors4.// This exercise uses some concepts that we won't get to until later in the course, like `Box` and the
// `From` trait. It's not important to understand them in detail right now, but you can read ahead if you like.
// For now, think of the `Box<dyn ...>` type as an "I want anything that does ???" type, which, given
// Rust's usual standards for runtime safety, should strike you as somewhat lenient!// In short, this particular use case for boxes is for when you want to own a value and you care only that it is a
// type which implements a particular trait. To do so, The Box is declared as of type Box<dyn Trait> where Trait is the trait
// the compiler looks for on any value used in that context. For this exercise, that context is the potential errors
// which can be returned in a Result.// What can we use to describe both errors? In other words, is there a trait which both errors implement?// Execute `rustlings hint errors5` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEuse std::error;
use std::fmt;
use std::num::ParseIntError;// TODO: update the return type of `main()` to make this compile.
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {let pretend_user_input = "42";let x: i64 = pretend_user_input.parse()?;println!("output={:?}", PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(x)?);Ok(())
}// Don't change anything below this line.#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64);#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum CreationError {Negative,Zero,
}impl PositiveNonzeroInteger {fn new(value: i64) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, CreationError> {match value {x if x < 0 => Err(CreationError::Negative),x if x == 0 => Err(CreationError::Zero),x => Ok(PositiveNonzeroInteger(x as u64))}}
}// This is required so that `CreationError` can implement `error::Error`.
impl fmt::Display for CreationError {fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {let description = match *self {CreationError::Negative => "number is negative",CreationError::Zero => "number is zero",};f.write_str(description)}
}impl error::Error for CreationError {}
55.通过方法映射错误类型?
这题没太看明白,跟着题目提示和GPT提示做下去的
// errors6.rs// Using catch-all error types like `Box<dyn error::Error>` isn't recommended
// for library code, where callers might want to make decisions based on the
// error content, instead of printing it out or propagating it further. Here,
// we define a custom error type to make it possible for callers to decide
// what to do next when our function returns an error.// Execute `rustlings hint errors6` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEuse std::num::ParseIntError;// This is a custom error type that we will be using in `parse_pos_nonzero()`.
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum ParsePosNonzeroError {Creation(CreationError),ParseInt(ParseIntError)
}impl ParsePosNonzeroError {fn from_creation(err: CreationError) -> ParsePosNonzeroError {ParsePosNonzeroError::Creation(err)}// TODO: add another error conversion function here.// fn from_parseint...fn from_parseint(err: ParseIntError) -> ParsePosNonzeroError {ParsePosNonzeroError::ParseInt(err)}
}fn parse_pos_nonzero(s: &str)-> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, ParsePosNonzeroError>
{// TODO: change this to return an appropriate error instead of panicking// when `parse()` returns an error.let x: i64 = s.parse().map_err(ParsePosNonzeroError::from_parseint)?;;PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(x).map_err(ParsePosNonzeroError::from_creation)
}// Don't change anything below this line.#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64);#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum CreationError {Negative,Zero,
}impl PositiveNonzeroInteger {fn new(value: i64) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, CreationError> {match value {x if x < 0 => Err(CreationError::Negative),x if x == 0 => Err(CreationError::Zero),x => Ok(PositiveNonzeroInteger(x as u64))}}
}#[cfg(test)]
mod test {use super::*;#[test]fn test_parse_error() {// We can't construct a ParseIntError, so we have to pattern match.assert!(matches!(parse_pos_nonzero("not a number"),Err(ParsePosNonzeroError::ParseInt(_))));}#[test]fn test_negative() {assert_eq!(parse_pos_nonzero("-555"),Err(ParsePosNonzeroError::Creation(CreationError::Negative)));}#[test]fn test_zero() {assert_eq!(parse_pos_nonzero("0"),Err(ParsePosNonzeroError::Creation(CreationError::Zero)));}#[test]fn test_positive() {let x = PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(42);assert!(x.is_ok());assert_eq!(parse_pos_nonzero("42"), Ok(x.unwrap()));}
}
56.为某一种类型实现(impl)共享行为(抽象库)
// traits1.rs
// Time to implement some traits!
//
// Your task is to implement the trait
// `AppendBar' for the type `String'.
//
// The trait AppendBar has only one function,
// which appends "Bar" to any object
// implementing this trait.
// Execute `rustlings hint traits1` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEtrait AppendBar {fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
}impl AppendBar for String {//Add your code herefn append_bar(self) -> Self{self+"Bar"}
}fn main() {let s = String::from("Foo");let s = s.append_bar();println!("s: {}", s);
}#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {use super::*;#[test]fn is_foo_bar() {assert_eq!(String::from("Foo").append_bar(), String::from("FooBar"));}#[test]fn is_bar_bar() {assert_eq!(String::from("").append_bar().append_bar(),String::from("BarBar"));}
}
57.自己给Vec写append实现
这道题实际上调用push就可以了
// traits2.rs
//
// Your task is to implement the trait
// `AppendBar' for a vector of strings.
//
// To implement this trait, consider for
// a moment what it means to 'append "Bar"'
// to a vector of strings.
//
// No boiler plate code this time,
// you can do this!
// Execute `rustlings hint traits2` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEtrait AppendBar {fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
}//TODO: Add your code here
impl AppendBar for Vec<String>{fn append_bar(mut self) -> Self{self.push("Bar".to_string());self}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {use super::*;#[test]fn is_vec_pop_eq_bar() {let mut foo = vec![String::from("Foo")].append_bar();assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Bar"));assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Foo"));}
}
58.我们不仅可以在impl里面去写具体的实现,也可以在共享行为声明里面完成
// traits3.rs
//
// Your task is to implement the Licensed trait for
// both structures and have them return the same
// information without writing the same function twice.
//
// Consider what you can add to the Licensed trait.
// Execute `rustlings hint traits3` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEpub trait Licensed {fn licensing_info(&self) -> String{String::from("Some information")}
}struct SomeSoftware {version_number: i32,
}struct OtherSoftware {version_number: String,
}impl Licensed for SomeSoftware {} // Don't edit this line
impl Licensed for OtherSoftware {} // Don't edit this line#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {use super::*;#[test]fn is_licensing_info_the_same() {let licensing_info = String::from("Some information");let some_software = SomeSoftware { version_number: 1 };let other_software = OtherSoftware {version_number: "v2.0.0".to_string(),};assert_eq!(some_software.licensing_info(), licensing_info);assert_eq!(other_software.licensing_info(), licensing_info);}
}
59.创建关于共享行为(trait)的两个实例的泛型
这个真的很妙
// traits4.rs
//
// Your task is to replace the '??' sections so the code compiles.
// Don't change any line other than the marked one.
// Execute `rustlings hint traits4` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEpub trait Licensed {fn licensing_info(&self) -> String {"some information".to_string()}
}struct SomeSoftware {}struct OtherSoftware {}impl Licensed for SomeSoftware {}
impl Licensed for OtherSoftware {}// YOU MAY ONLY CHANGE THE NEXT LINE
fn compare_license_types<T:Licensed,U:Licensed>(software: T, software_two: U) -> bool {software.licensing_info() == software_two.licensing_info()
}#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {use super::*;#[test]fn compare_license_information() {let some_software = SomeSoftware {};let other_software = OtherSoftware {};assert!(compare_license_types(some_software, other_software));}#[test]fn compare_license_information_backwards() {let some_software = SomeSoftware {};let other_software = OtherSoftware {};assert!(compare_license_types(other_software, some_software));}
}
60.使用+来放行实现了多种共享行为的类型
// traits5.rs
//
// Your task is to replace the '??' sections so the code compiles.
// Don't change any line other than the marked one.
// Execute `rustlings hint traits5` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a hint.// I AM NOT DONEpub trait SomeTrait {fn some_function(&self) -> bool {true}
}pub trait OtherTrait {fn other_function(&self) -> bool {true}
}struct SomeStruct {}
struct OtherStruct {}impl SomeTrait for SomeStruct {}
impl OtherTrait for SomeStruct {}impl SomeTrait for OtherStruct {}
impl OtherTrait for OtherStruct {}// YOU MAY ONLY CHANGE THE NEXT LINE
fn some_func<T:SomeTrait+OtherTrait>(item: T) -> bool {item.some_function() && item.other_function()
}fn main() {some_func(SomeStruct {});some_func(OtherStruct {});
}
