内容介绍:
序列标注指给定输入序列,给序列中每个Token进行标注标签的过程。序列标注问题通常用于从文本中进行信息抽取,包括分词(Word Segmentation)、词性标注(Position Tagging)、命名实体识别(Named Entity Recognition, NER)等。以命名实体识别为例:
输入序列 | 清 | 华 | 大 | 学 | 座 | 落 | 于 | 首 | 都 | 北 | 京 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
输出标注 | B | I | I | I | O | O | O | O | O | B | I |
如上表所示,清华大学
和 北京
是地名,需要将其识别,我们对每个输入的单词预测其标签,最后根据标签来识别实体。
这里使用了一种常见的命名实体识别的标注方法——“BIOE”标注,将一个实体(Entity)的开头标注为B,其他部分标注为I,非实体标注为O。
条件随机场(Conditional Random Field, CRF)
从上文的举例可以看到,对序列进行标注,实际上是对序列中每个Token进行标签预测,可以直接视作简单的多分类问题。但是序列标注不仅仅需要对单个Token进行分类预测,同时相邻Token直接有关联关系。以清华大学
一词为例:
输入序列 | 清 | 华 | 大 | 学 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
输出标注 | B | I | I | I | √ |
输出标注 | O | I | I | I | × |
如上表所示,正确的实体中包含的4个Token有依赖关系,I前必须是B或I,而错误输出结果将清
字标注为O,违背了这一依赖。将命名实体识别视为多分类问题,则每个词的预测概率都是独立的,易产生类似的问题,因此需要引入一种能够学习到此种关联关系的算法来保证预测结果的正确性。而条件随机场是适合此类场景的一种概率图模型概率图模型概率图模型。
具体内容:
1. 导包
import mindspore as ms
import mindspore.nn as nn
import mindspore.ops as ops
import mindspore.numpy as mnp
from mindspore.common.initializer import initializer, Uniform
from tqdm import tqdm
2. score计算
def compute_score(emissions, tags, seq_ends, mask, trans, start_trans, end_trans):# emissions: (seq_length, batch_size, num_tags)# tags: (seq_length, batch_size)# mask: (seq_length, batch_size)seq_length, batch_size = tags.shapemask = mask.astype(emissions.dtype)# 将score设置为初始转移概率# shape: (batch_size,)score = start_trans[tags[0]]# score += 第一次发射概率# shape: (batch_size,)score += emissions[0, mnp.arange(batch_size), tags[0]]for i in range(1, seq_length):# 标签由i-1转移至i的转移概率(当mask == 1时有效)# shape: (batch_size,)score += trans[tags[i - 1], tags[i]] * mask[i]# 预测tags[i]的发射概率(当mask == 1时有效)# shape: (batch_size,)score += emissions[i, mnp.arange(batch_size), tags[i]] * mask[i]# 结束转移# shape: (batch_size,)last_tags = tags[seq_ends, mnp.arange(batch_size)]# score += 结束转移概率# shape: (batch_size,)score += end_trans[last_tags]return score
3. Normalizer计算
def compute_normalizer(emissions, mask, trans, start_trans, end_trans):# emissions: (seq_length, batch_size, num_tags)# mask: (seq_length, batch_size)seq_length = emissions.shape[0]# 将score设置为初始转移概率,并加上第一次发射概率# shape: (batch_size, num_tags)score = start_trans + emissions[0]for i in range(1, seq_length):# 扩展score的维度用于总score的计算# shape: (batch_size, num_tags, 1)broadcast_score = score.expand_dims(2)# 扩展emission的维度用于总score的计算# shape: (batch_size, 1, num_tags)broadcast_emissions = emissions[i].expand_dims(1)# 根据公式(7),计算score_i# 此时broadcast_score是由第0个到当前Token所有可能路径# 对应score的log_sum_exp# shape: (batch_size, num_tags, num_tags)next_score = broadcast_score + trans + broadcast_emissions# 对score_i做log_sum_exp运算,用于下一个Token的score计算# shape: (batch_size, num_tags)next_score = ops.logsumexp(next_score, axis=1)# 当mask == 1时,score才会变化# shape: (batch_size, num_tags)score = mnp.where(mask[i].expand_dims(1), next_score, score)# 最后加结束转移概率# shape: (batch_size, num_tags)score += end_trans# 对所有可能的路径得分求log_sum_exp# shape: (batch_size,)return ops.logsumexp(score, axis=1)
4. Viterbi算法
在完成前向训练部分后,需要实现解码部分。这里我们选择适合求解序列最优路径的Viterbi算法。与计算Normalizer类似,使用动态规划求解所有可能的预测序列得分。不同的是在解码时同时需要将第𝑖个Token对应的score取值最大的标签保存,供后续使用Viterbi算法求解最优预测序列使用。
def viterbi_decode(emissions, mask, trans, start_trans, end_trans):# emissions: (seq_length, batch_size, num_tags)# mask: (seq_length, batch_size)seq_length = mask.shape[0]score = start_trans + emissions[0]history = ()for i in range(1, seq_length):broadcast_score = score.expand_dims(2)broadcast_emission = emissions[i].expand_dims(1)next_score = broadcast_score + trans + broadcast_emission# 求当前Token对应score取值最大的标签,并保存indices = next_score.argmax(axis=1)history += (indices,)next_score = next_score.max(axis=1)score = mnp.where(mask[i].expand_dims(1), next_score, score)score += end_transreturn score, historydef post_decode(score, history, seq_length):# 使用Score和History计算最佳预测序列batch_size = seq_length.shape[0]seq_ends = seq_length - 1# shape: (batch_size,)best_tags_list = []# 依次对一个Batch中每个样例进行解码for idx in range(batch_size):# 查找使最后一个Token对应的预测概率最大的标签,# 并将其添加至最佳预测序列存储的列表中best_last_tag = score[idx].argmax(axis=0)best_tags = [int(best_last_tag.asnumpy())]# 重复查找每个Token对应的预测概率最大的标签,加入列表for hist in reversed(history[:seq_ends[idx]]):best_last_tag = hist[idx][best_tags[-1]]best_tags.append(int(best_last_tag.asnumpy()))# 将逆序求解的序列标签重置为正序best_tags.reverse()best_tags_list.append(best_tags)return best_tags_list
5. CRF层
完成上述前向训练和解码部分的代码后,将其组装完整的CRF层。考虑到输入序列可能存在Padding的情况,CRF的输入需要考虑输入序列的真实长度,因此除发射矩阵和标签外,加入seq_length
参数传入序列Padding前的长度,并实现生成mask矩阵的sequence_mask
方法。
综合上述代码,使用nn.Cell
进行封装,最后实现完整的CRF层如下:
def sequence_mask(seq_length, max_length, batch_first=False):"""根据序列实际长度和最大长度生成mask矩阵"""range_vector = mnp.arange(0, max_length, 1, seq_length.dtype)result = range_vector < seq_length.view(seq_length.shape + (1,))if batch_first:return result.astype(ms.int64)return result.astype(ms.int64).swapaxes(0, 1)class CRF(nn.Cell):def __init__(self, num_tags: int, batch_first: bool = False, reduction: str = 'sum') -> None:if num_tags <= 0:raise ValueError(f'invalid number of tags: {num_tags}')super().__init__()if reduction not in ('none', 'sum', 'mean', 'token_mean'):raise ValueError(f'invalid reduction: {reduction}')self.num_tags = num_tagsself.batch_first = batch_firstself.reduction = reductionself.start_transitions = ms.Parameter(initializer(Uniform(0.1), (num_tags,)), name='start_transitions')self.end_transitions = ms.Parameter(initializer(Uniform(0.1), (num_tags,)), name='end_transitions')self.transitions = ms.Parameter(initializer(Uniform(0.1), (num_tags, num_tags)), name='transitions')def construct(self, emissions, tags=None, seq_length=None):if tags is None:return self._decode(emissions, seq_length)return self._forward(emissions, tags, seq_length)def _forward(self, emissions, tags=None, seq_length=None):if self.batch_first:batch_size, max_length = tags.shapeemissions = emissions.swapaxes(0, 1)tags = tags.swapaxes(0, 1)else:max_length, batch_size = tags.shapeif seq_length is None:seq_length = mnp.full((batch_size,), max_length, ms.int64)mask = sequence_mask(seq_length, max_length)# shape: (batch_size,)numerator = compute_score(emissions, tags, seq_length-1, mask, self.transitions, self.start_transitions, self.end_transitions)# shape: (batch_size,)denominator = compute_normalizer(emissions, mask, self.transitions, self.start_transitions, self.end_transitions)# shape: (batch_size,)llh = denominator - numeratorif self.reduction == 'none':return llhif self.reduction == 'sum':return llh.sum()if self.reduction == 'mean':return llh.mean()return llh.sum() / mask.astype(emissions.dtype).sum()def _decode(self, emissions, seq_length=None):if self.batch_first:batch_size, max_length = emissions.shape[:2]emissions = emissions.swapaxes(0, 1)else:batch_size, max_length = emissions.shape[:2]if seq_length is None:seq_length = mnp.full((batch_size,), max_length, ms.int64)mask = sequence_mask(seq_length, max_length)return viterbi_decode(emissions, mask, self.transitions, self.start_transitions, self.end_transitions)
6. BiLSTM+CRF模型
class BiLSTM_CRF(nn.Cell):def __init__(self, vocab_size, embedding_dim, hidden_dim, num_tags, padding_idx=0):super().__init__()self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx)self.lstm = nn.LSTM(embedding_dim, hidden_dim // 2, bidirectional=True, batch_first=True)self.hidden2tag = nn.Dense(hidden_dim, num_tags, 'he_uniform')self.crf = CRF(num_tags, batch_first=True)def construct(self, inputs, seq_length, tags=None):embeds = self.embedding(inputs)outputs, _ = self.lstm(embeds, seq_length=seq_length)feats = self.hidden2tag(outputs)crf_outs = self.crf(feats, tags, seq_length)return crf_outs
7. 词表
embedding_dim = 16
hidden_dim = 32training_data = [("清 华 大 学 坐 落 于 首 都 北 京".split(),"B I I I O O O O O B I".split()
), ("重 庆 是 一 个 魔 幻 城 市".split(),"B I O O O O O O O".split()
)]word_to_idx = {}
word_to_idx['<pad>'] = 0
for sentence, tags in training_data:for word in sentence:if word not in word_to_idx:word_to_idx[word] = len(word_to_idx)tag_to_idx = {"B": 0, "I": 1, "O": 2}
8. 初始化模型
model = BiLSTM_CRF(len(word_to_idx), embedding_dim, hidden_dim, len(tag_to_idx))
optimizer = nn.SGD(model.trainable_params(), learning_rate=0.01, weight_decay=1e-4)
9. 每步计算
grad_fn = ms.value_and_grad(model, None, optimizer.parameters)def train_step(data, seq_length, label):loss, grads = grad_fn(data, seq_length, label)optimizer(grads)return loss
10. 打包Batch
def prepare_sequence(seqs, word_to_idx, tag_to_idx):seq_outputs, label_outputs, seq_length = [], [], []max_len = max([len(i[0]) for i in seqs])for seq, tag in seqs:seq_length.append(len(seq))idxs = [word_to_idx[w] for w in seq]labels = [tag_to_idx[t] for t in tag]idxs.extend([word_to_idx['<pad>'] for i in range(max_len - len(seq))])labels.extend([tag_to_idx['O'] for i in range(max_len - len(seq))])seq_outputs.append(idxs)label_outputs.append(labels)return ms.Tensor(seq_outputs, ms.int64), \ms.Tensor(label_outputs, ms.int64), \ms.Tensor(seq_length, ms.int64)
11. 训练
steps = 500
with tqdm(total=steps) as t:for i in range(steps):loss = train_step(data, seq_length, label)t.set_postfix(loss=loss)t.update(1)
在深入学习了LSTM(长短期记忆网络)结合CRF(条件随机场)这一强大的序列标注模型之后,我深感这一组合在解决自然语言处理中的序列标注任务时展现出了非凡的魅力和实用性。这段学习旅程不仅拓宽了我的技术视野,也让我对自然语言处理领域的复杂性和精妙性有了更深一层的理解。
LSTM作为循环神经网络(RNN)的一种变体,通过引入“门”机制(遗忘门、输入门、输出门)有效解决了传统RNN在长序列处理中容易出现的梯度消失或梯度爆炸问题。它能够捕捉数据中的长期依赖关系,这对于理解自然语言这种高度上下文依赖的序列数据至关重要。而CRF作为一种统计建模方法,在给定输入序列的条件下,能够计算整个输出序列的联合概率分布,特别适合于序列标注这类需要全局最优解的任务。将LSTM与CRF结合,使得模型既能够捕捉到序列中的长期依赖信息,又能在全局范围内优化标注序列,从而显著提升了标注的准确性和鲁棒性。
在将LSTM+CRF模型应用于如命名实体识别(NER)、词性标注(POS Tagging)等具体任务时,我深刻体会到了理论与实践相结合的重要性。通过调整模型参数、优化网络结构、引入预训练词向量等技术手段,可以显著提升模型的性能。同时,面对不同领域、不同规模的数据集,模型的泛化能力和适应性也成为了考验模型优劣的关键指标。这让我意识到,在实际应用中,需要根据具体任务的特点和数据情况,灵活调整模型策略,以达到最佳效果。