使用Python实现网页数据获取与处理：以财经新闻为例

在现代数据驱动的世界中，获取并处理丰富的网页数据是非常重要的技能。本文将介绍如何使用Python编写一个程序，自动获取财经新闻数据并进行处理。这不仅可以帮助我们快速获取最新的财经信息，还可以为后续的数据分析和研究提供支持。

环境准备

首先，确保你的Python环境已经安装了以下库：

pip install requests beautifulsoup4 tqdm concurrent.futures

核心代码解析

我们将分步骤讲解代码实现的关键部分。

1. 设置请求头和会话

为了模拟浏览器行为，我们需要设置合适的请求头：

import requestssession = requests.session()
session.headers['User-Agent'] = ('Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 ''(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/113.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
)
session.headers['Referer'] = 'https://money.163.com/'
session.headers['Accept-Language'] = 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9'

2. 定义主函数和数据获取逻辑

主函数负责调度和管理整个流程：

def main():base_url = ['https://money.163.com/special/00259BVP/news_flow_index.js?callback=data_callback','https://money.163.com/special/00259BVP/news_flow_biz.js?callback=data_callback','https://money.163.com/special/00259BVP/news_flow_fund.js?callback=data_callback','https://money.163.com/special/00259BVP/news_flow_house.js?callback=data_callback','https://money.163.com/special/00259BVP/news_flow_licai.js?callback=data_callback']kind = ['股票', '商业', '基金', '房产', '理财']path = r'.财经(根数据).json'save_path = r'./财经.json'# 载入已有数据try:if os.path.isfile(path):source_ls = bag.Bag.read_json(path)else:source_ls = []except FileNotFoundError:source_ls = []index = 0urls = []for url in base_url:result = get_url(url, kind[index])index += 1urls = urls + resultnewly_added = []if len(source_ls) == 0:bag.Bag.save_json(urls, path)newly_added = urlselse:flag = [i[1] for i in source_ls]for link in urls:if link[1] in flag:passelse:newly_added.append(link)if len(newly_added) == 0:print('无新数据')else:bag.Bag.save_json(newly_added + source_ls, path)if os.path.isfile(save_path):data_result = bag.Bag.read_json(save_path)else:data_result = []with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=20) as t:tasks = []for url in tqdm(newly_added[:], desc='网易财经'):url: listtasks.append(t.submit(get_data, url))end = []for task in tqdm(tasks, desc='网易财经'):end.append(task.result())bag.Bag.save_json(end + data_result, save_path)

3. 获取URL和数据

get_url函数负责从特定URL获取数据链接和相关信息：

def get_url(url, kind):num = 1result = []while True:if num == 1:resp = session.get(url)else:if num < 10:resp = session.get(url.replace('.js?callback=data_callback', '') + f'_0{num}' + '.js?callback=data_callback')else:resp = session.get(url.replace('.js?callback=data_callback', '') + f'_{num}' + '.js?callback=data_callback')if resp.status_code == 404:breaknum += 1title = re.findall(r'"title":"(.*?)"', resp.text, re.S)docurl = re.findall(r'"docurl":"(.*?)"', resp.text, re.S)label = re.findall('"label":"(.*?)"', resp.text, re.S)keyword = re.findall(r'"keywords":\[(.*?)]', resp.text, re.S)mid = []for k in keyword:mid1 = []for j in re.findall(r'"keyname":"(.*?)"', str(k), re.S):mid1.append(j.strip())mid.append(','.join(mid1))for i in range(len(title)):result.append([title[i],docurl[i],label[i],kind,mid[i]])return result

get_data函数负责从获取的链接中提取具体内容：

def get_data(ls):resp = session.get(ls[1])resp.encoding = 'utf8'resp.close()html = BeautifulSoup(resp.text, 'lxml')content = []p = re.compile(r'<p.*?>(.*?)</p>', re.S)contents = html.find_all('div', class_='post_body')for info in re.findall(p, str(contents)):content.append(re.sub('<.*?>', '', info))return [ls[-1], ls[0], '\n'.join(content), ls[-2], ls[1]]