2025.04.05
- 英语
- 语法总结——长难句
- 并列句
- 并列连词
- 并列句的省略
- 写作
- 书信写作
- 第二段
- 注意
- 第三段
- 落款
- 每日一句
- 词汇
- 第一步:辨别
- 第二步:断开
- 第三步:简化
英语
语法总结——长难句
长难句有两个特点:长、难。
之所以又长又难就是因为在一句话中包含了多件事,如果细看每件事,我们会发现它都是一个简单句。
当这些简单句通过各种连接词将其组合在一起,它们就变成了一句长难句。
根据句子之间的关系和表达的意思我们可以将长难句分为三大类:
- 并列句:每件事都同等重要
- 主从复合句:每件事不一样重要
- 特殊句式:将普通句的结构进行调整,以达到表达特殊意思的目的
并列句
并列句就是两件或两件以上的事情同样重要,通过并列连词将这些事情连接起来。
并列连词
- 表顺接:
- ……和……:
- ……and……
- both……and……
- 不但……而且……(……和……):
- not only …… but …… as well
- not only …… but also ……
- not only …… but ……
- not just …… but (also) ……
- not merely …… but (also) ……
- ……和……:
- 表转折:
- ……但是……:
- …… but ……
- …… yet ……
- ……但是……:
- 表选择:
- …… 或者……(二选一):
- …… or ……
- either …… or ……
- 既不 …… 也不……(两个都不选):
- neither …… or ……
- …… 或者……(二选一):
- 表因果:
- ……因为……:
- …… for ……
- ……所以/因此……:
- …… so ……
- ……因为……:
并列句的省略
并列句中,相同的成分可以省略,其它的成分保持不变。
- 省略主语——当多件事的主语相同时,可以省略主语,其它部分保持不变,所有并列部分共享第一句的主语;
- ……the peoples …… died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
- 在这个例句中由连接词or、and引导的并列部分就共享第一句的主语peoples
- ……the peoples …… died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
- 省略谓语——当出现相同的谓语动词或部分谓语动词,都可以把相同的部分省略;
- But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations…… and feeling the stain.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
- 在这一句中由连接词and引导的并列部分中主语和谓语动词中的be动词是相同的,因此省略了主语 + be,而be doing中的doing是不同的,所以保留了doing及后面的宾语部分
- Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
- 在这一句中由连接词and引导的并列部分主语、谓语和宾语都相同,因此省略了主语、谓语和宾语部分的Humility requires you,保留了后面的非谓语动词部分。
- But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations…… and feeling the stain.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
写作
书信写作
第二段
第二段分为3部分:
- First and foremost,
- What is more,
- Last but not least,
注意
-
一般来说,每部分都只写一句话,有时也可以写两句,该段最多写四句。
-
在一些特殊情况下也可以不需要连接词。
第三段
第三段的内容个根据信件类型及目的进行灵活的调整,大致可以分为6类:
- 表感谢:Thank you for your kind consideration and time.
- 盼回复/见面:Looking forward to hearing from you/meeting you at your earliest convenience.
- 送祝福:Wish you all the best.
- 提要求:It would be appreciated if the issue I raised could be addressed as soon as possible.
- 表希望:Hopefully, the recommendations/suggestions provided will be helpful to you.
- 致歉意:Once again, I deeply regret any inconvenience caused and hope that you can accept my apology and understand my situation.
落款
书信的落款通常包含一个以表达礼貌和感谢为主的短语,用于结束书信并表达写信人的敬意。
一封信的落款一般放在正文的右下方。
落款 | Yours sincerely, Li Ming/Zhang Wei |
每日一句
In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3, English II)
词汇
mispredict: v. 错误预测
mechanical revolution: 机械革命
acquire: v. 获得、取得、得到
self-sufficiency: 自给自足
desirable: adj. 可取的;令人满意的;值得拥有的
inevitable: adj. 不可避免的;必然的
inevitably: adv. 不可避免地;必然地
第一步:辨别
- 分裂结构
原句中存在由两个破折号进行断开的插入式分裂结构,将这部分忽略后我们就得到了主句:
-
In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
-
嵌套结构
嵌套结构就是一句话还没说完就开始了下一句,经过观察我们不难发现主句中存在以下连接词:
In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
这些连接词中,how的前一部分缺少宾语,那说明how这里引导的是宾语从句;
but作为并列连词,这里引导的是一个并列句;
很明显连接词but的后半部分的结构为主主谓谓结构,即that从句为嵌套部分;
因此这一部分应该看做两部分:
- 主句:but his belief …… was widely shared
- 从句: that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable
平行结构
在原句的连接词中,存在两个并列连词:but、both……and……,那说明原句有两个并列结构:
- 第一个but引导的并列结构是由两个句子构成的并列结构;
- 第二个连接词both……and……引导的并列结构,both 与 and中间的内容就是并列的第一部分内容,这里我们不难发现,both后跟的是一个形容词,因此这里的并列结构应该是由形容词组成的并列结构;
接下来我们就通过第二步——断开,来将这个长难句拆分成简单句,之后再一探究竟。
第二步:断开
完成了长难句的初步辨析,接下来我们就需要对原句进行断开,步骤还是:标点——连接词——主谓;
通过标点与连接词断开,我们就得到了下面的断句:
- 主句部分——but并列结构的前半部分:
- In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just
- how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life —— how引导的宾语从句
- 插入部分——由双破折号构成引导的插入部分
- few American families acquired helicopters —— 插入语的主句
- , though most eventually got clothes dryers —— 插入语中由though引导的让步状语从句
- 主句部分——but并列结构的后半部分:
- but his belief …… was widely shared. —— but引导的并列句
- that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable —— that引导的修饰名词belief的同位语从句
为了确保没有遗漏,接下来我们需要找到谓语动词:
- In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just
- how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life
- — few American families acquired helicopters
- , though most eventually got clothes dryers —
- but his belief …… was widely shared
- that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable
从谓语动词判断,这里有6个谓语动词,我们在断开后刚好断开成了6个简单句,这就说明此时没有遗漏的部分了;
第三步:简化
接下来我们就可以逐一分析句子成分进行简化工作:
- In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just
第一句中的句子成分如下所示:
去掉拓展部分,保留核心部分后,我们就得到了主句的核心:
- …… Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted …… —— …… Ralph Rapson可能进行了错误预测 ……
- how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life
第二句的句子成分如下所示:
去掉拓展部分,保留核心部分,我们就得到了宾语从句的核心:
- how …… revolution would impact …… life —— ……革命如何影响……生活
- — few American families acquired helicopters
第三句的句子成分如下所示:
去掉拓展部分,保留核心部分,我们就得到了插入语主句的核心:
- …… families acquired helicopters —— ……家庭获得了直升机
- , though most eventually got clothes dryers
第四句的句子成分如下所示:
去掉拓展部分,保留核心部分,我们就得到了插入语中让步状语从句的核心:
- , though most …… got …… dryers —— 虽然大多数(家庭)……得到了……烘干机
- — but his belief …… was widely shared
第五句的句子成分如下所示:
去掉拓展部分,保留核心部分,我们就得到了主句中并列部分后半段的核心:
- — but …… belief …… was …… shared —— 但是……信念被……分享
- that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable
第六句的句子成分如下所示:
去掉拓展部分,保留核心部分,我们就得到了主句中并列部分中的同位语从句的核心:
- that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable —— 自给自足既是可取的也是必然的
全文的核心意思我们就可以理解为:
- …… Ralph Rapson可能进行了错误预测 ……革命如何影响……生活,但是……自给自足既是可取的也是必然的信念被……分享
插入语部分的核心意思为:
- 虽然……家庭获得了直升机,但是大多数(家庭)……得到了……烘干机
插入语部分是来修饰how引导的宾语从句:
- ……革命如何影响……生活
通过插入语介绍对生活的具体影响。