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本质

python第三方库 selenium 控制浏览器驱动
浏览器驱动控制浏览器

推荐 edge 浏览器驱动（不容易遇到版本或者兼容性的问题）

驱动下载网址：链接: link

1、实战1

（1）安装 selenium 库

pip install selenium

（2）将驱动文件exe放在py文件同级目录下

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（3）初步体验驱动器控制浏览器

# 从selenium库中导入webdriver模块
from selenium import webdriver
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.by模块中导入By类，用于定位元素
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.keys模块中导入Keys类，用于模拟键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
import time# 若你想用Edge浏览器，使用下面这行代码，前提是msedgedriver.exe路径正确
driver = webdriver.Edge("./msedgedriver.exe")# get方法会一直等到页面被完全加载，然后才会继续程序
driver.get("http://www.baidu.com/")# id="kw" 是百度搜索输入框，输入字符串 "长城"
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw").send_keys("长城")# id="su" 是百度搜索按钮，click() 是模拟点击
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su").click()# 为了便于观察搜索结果，等待 5 秒
time.sleep(5)
# 关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

（4）元素定位

1.获取单个元素——元素不存在会报错

# 通过 ID 定位元素
element_by_id = driver.find_element(By.ID, "inputOriginal")# 通过 CSS 选择器定位元素 id-#
element_by_css = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#inputOriginal")# 通过标签名定位元素
element_by_tag = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "div")# 通过 name 属性定位元素
element_by_name = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "username")# 通过链接文本定位元素
element_by_link_text = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "下一页")

2.获取多个元素——返回列表（元素不存在返回空）

# 通过 ID 定位多个元素
elements_by_id = driver.find_elements(By.ID, "inputOriginal")# 通过 CSS 选择器定位多个元素
elements_by_css = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#inputOriginal")# 通过标签名定位多个元素
elements_by_tag = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "div")# 通过 name 属性定位多个元素
elements_by_name = driver.find_elements(By.NAME, "username")# 通过链接文本定位多个元素
elements_by_link_text = driver.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "下一页")# 后续可对定位到的元素列表进行操作，例如遍历元素列表
for element in elements_by_id:print(element.text)

2、实战2：访问有道翻译，获取翻译后的内容

# 从selenium库中导入webdriver模块
from selenium import webdriver
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.by模块中导入By类，用于定位元素
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.keys模块中导入Keys类，用于模拟键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
import time# 若你想用Edge浏览器，使用下面这行代码，前提是msedgedriver.exe路径正确
driver = webdriver.Edge("./msedgedriver.exe")# 加载有道翻译页面
driver.get("https://fanyi.youdao.com/#/TextTranslate")# 等待页面加载
time.sleep(2)# 获取输入框
input_box = driver.find_element(By.ID, "js_fanyi_input")# 输入内容
input_box.send_keys("hello")# 等待翻译完成
time.sleep(2)# 获取翻译后的内容
transTarget = driver.find_element(By.ID, "js_fanyi_output_resultOutput")
print(transTarget.text)
# 为了便于观察搜索结果，等待 5 秒
time.sleep(5)
# 关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

3、实战3：爬取当当网站商品信息

（1）内容获取

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（2）窗口操作

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（3）实战

# 从selenium库中导入webdriver模块
from selenium import webdriver
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.by模块中导入By类，用于定位元素
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.keys模块中导入Keys类，用于模拟键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
import time# 若你想用Edge浏览器，使用下面这行代码，前提是msedgedriver.exe路径正确
driver = webdriver.Edge("./msedgedriver.exe")# 加载当当网
driver.get("https://www.dangdang.com/")# 等待页面加载
time.sleep(2)# 获取输入框
key = driver.find_element(By.ID, "key_S")
key.send_keys("科幻")# 获取搜索框，点击搜索
search = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#form_search_new .button")
search.click()# 等待搜索结果页面加载
time.sleep(3)# 获取商品标题及价格，循环 5 页
for i in range(5):shoplist = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".bigimg li") # bigimg 下的所有 li标签for li in shoplist:try:title = li.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "a").get_attribute("title")print(title)except Exception as e:print(f"获取商品标题时出错: {e}")try:price = li.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".search_now_price").textprint(price)except Exception as e:print(f"获取商品价格时出错: {e}")# 获取下一页按钮try:next_page = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "下一页")next_page.click()# 等待下一页加载time.sleep(3)except Exception as e:print(f"点击下一页时出错: {e}")break# 关闭浏览器
driver.close()

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（4）css选择器基本规则

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（5）等待——显式/隐式

1.隐式：全局，只要找元素，没出来就等max_time(自定义)

driver = webdriver.Edge("./msedgedriver.exe")
driver.implicitly_wait(30)

2.显式：特定条件下的等待：webDriverWait+until+（判断条件）

# 程序每 0.5 秒检查，是否满足：标题包含 “百度一下” 这个条件，
# 检查是否满足条件的最长时间为：15 秒，超过 15 秒仍未满足条件则抛出异常
try:WebDriverWait(driver, 15, 0.5).until(EC.title_contains("百度一下"))print("页面标题包含 '百度一下'")
except Exception as e:print(f"等待页面标题时出现异常: {e}")# 假设要定位的元素 CSS 选择器为 ".example-element"，需根据实际情况修改
element_selector = ".example-element"# 程序每 0.5 秒检查，是否满足：某定位的元素出现，
# 检查是否满足条件的最长时间为：15 秒，超过 15 秒仍未满足条件则抛出异常
try:WebDriverWait(driver, 15, 0.5).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, element_selector)))print(f"元素 {element_selector} 已可见")
except Exception as e:print(f"等待元素可见时出现异常: {e}")# 关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

4、实战4：鼠标及键盘操作（动作链）

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driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
more=driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"更多")
link_element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'a[name="tj_fanyi"]')
baike = link_element.get_attribute('href')
#将鼠标移动到更多按钮
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(more).move_to_element(link_element).click().perform()

其他：滚动条，窗口截图

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5、实战5：爬取知乎数据（应对反爬、滑动验证）

在这里插入图片描述

（1）方法一——opencv轮廓检测，由面积和周长确定起始和终止位置

# 从selenium库中导入webdriver模块
from selenium import webdriver
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.by模块中导入By类，用于定位元素
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
# 从selenium.webdriver.common.keys模块中导入Keys类，用于模拟键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
# 导入显式等待类
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
# 导入等待条件类
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# 保存图片
from urllib import request
# 计算机图像识别
import cv2
# 反爬应对
import random
# 反爬应对
import time
# ------------------------------------------
# 1、创建 driver
driver = webdriver.Edge("./msedgedriver.exe")
driver.get("https://www.zhihu.com/")
driver.maximize_window()
# 2、输入用户名、密码（一系列鼠标点击动作）
dl = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > div.SignFlow-tabs > div:nth-child(2)")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(dl).click().perform()
dh = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > div.SignFlow-account > div > label > input")
dh.send_keys("15735188768")
mm = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > div.SignFlow-password > div > label > input")
mm.send_keys('wy062600')
login = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > button")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(login).click().perform()
# 3、显式等待直到滑动窗口的出现
WebDriverWait(driver,10).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR,"body > div.yidun_popup--light.yidun_popup.yidun_popup--size-small > div.yidun_modal__wrap > div > div > div.yidun_modal__body > div > div.yidun_panel > div > div.yidun_bgimg")))
pic = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'body > div.yidun_popup--light.yidun_popup.yidun_popup--size-small > div.yidun_modal__wrap > div > div > div.yidun_modal__body > div > div.yidun_panel > div > div.yidun_bgimg > img.yidun_bg-img')
imgsrc = pic.get_attribute("src")
# 4、获取图片并保存
request.urlretrieve(imgsrc,'img.png')
# 5、定义函数，获取轮廓位置
def get_pos(imageSrc):image = cv2.imread(imageSrc) # 利用cv2读取图片blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (5, 5), 0, 0)canny = cv2.Canny(blurred, 0, 100)contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(canny, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)print(len(contours))for contour in contours:x, y, w, h = cv2.boundingRect(contour)area = cv2.contourArea(contour)zhouchang = cv2.arcLength(contour, True)if 5025 < area < 7225 and 300 < zhouchang < 380:x, y, w, h = cv2.boundingRect(contour)cv2.rectangle(image, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 0, 255), 2)cv2.imwrite("111.jpg", image)return xreturn 0dis = get_pos('img.png')
smallImage = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'body > div.yidun_popup--light.yidun_popup.yidun_popup--size-small > div.yidun_modal__wrap > div > div > div.yidun_modal__body > div > div.yidun_panel > div > div.yidun_bgimg > img.yidun_jigsaw')dis = int(dis * 340 / 672 - smallImage.location['x'])
driver.implicitly_wait(2000)
ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(smallImage).perform()  # 按下按钮
i = 0
moved = 0
while moved < dis:x = random.randint(3, 10)moved += xActionChains(driver).move_by_offset(xoffset=x, yoffset=0).perform()print("第{}次移动后, 位置为{}".format(i, smallImage.location['x']))i += 1
ActionChains(driver).release().perform()
time.sleep(20000)# 关闭浏览器
driver.close()

canny = cv2.Canny(blurred, 低阈值, 高阈值)

在这里插入图片描述

（2）方法二——opencv灰度检测确定起始和终止位置

def calculate_slide_distance(full_image, slider_image):"""计算滑块需要滑动的距离:param full_image: 完整背景图:param slider_image: 滑块图:return: 滑动距离"""if full_image is None or slider_image is None:print("图片数据为空，无法计算滑动距离")return 0# 灰度化gray_full = cv2.cvtColor(full_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)gray_slider = cv2.cvtColor(slider_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)# 边缘检测edges_full = cv2.Canny(gray_full, 50, 150)edges_slider = cv2.Canny(gray_slider, 50, 150)# 模板匹配，这里使用TM_CCOEFF_NORMED方法result = cv2.matchTemplate(edges_full, edges_slider, cv2.TM_CCOEFF_NORMED)min_val, max_val, min_loc, max_loc = cv2.minMaxLoc(result)print(f"匹配的相似度值: {max_val}")  # 打印匹配的相似度值distance = max_loc[0]print(f"计算得到的滑块滑动距离: {distance}")  # 打印计算得到的距离return distance# 计算滑动距离
full_image = cv2.imread('img.png')
slider_image = cv2.imread('img2.png')
distance = calculate_slide_distance(full_image, slider_image)

（3）最终结果

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from urllib import request
import cv2
import random
import time
import csv
import os# 1、创建 driver
driver = webdriver.Edge("./msedgedriver.exe")
driver.get("https://www.zhihu.com/")
driver.maximize_window()# 2、输入用户名、密码（一系列鼠标点击动作）
dl = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > div.SignFlow-tabs > div:nth-child(2)")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(dl).click().perform()
dh = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > div.SignFlow-account > div > label > input")
dh.send_keys("15735188768")
mm = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > div.SignFlow-password > div > label > input")
mm.send_keys('wy062600')
login = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#root > div > main > div > div > div > div > div.signQr-rightContainer > div > div.SignContainer-content > div > div:nth-child(1) > form > button")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(login).click().perform()# 3、显式等待直到滑动窗口的出现
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "body > div.yidun_popup--light.yidun_popup.yidun_popup--size-small > div.yidun_modal__wrap > div > div > div.yidun_modal__body > div > div.yidun_panel > div > div.yidun_bgimg")))
pic = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'body > div.yidun_popup--light.yidun_popup.yidun_popup--size-small > div.yidun_modal__wrap > div > div > div.yidun_modal__body > div > div.yidun_panel > div > div.yidun_bgimg > img.yidun_bg-img')
imgsrc = pic.get_attribute("src") # 获取链接
request.urlretrieve(imgsrc,'img1.png')# 下载图片
pic2 = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'body > div.yidun_popup--light.yidun_popup.yidun_popup--size-small > div.yidun_modal__wrap > div > div > div.yidun_modal__body > div > div.yidun_panel > div > div.yidun_bgimg > img.yidun_jigsaw')
imgsrc2 = pic2.get_attribute("src")
request.urlretrieve(imgsrc2,'img2.png')
# ----------------------------------------------------------
# 4.1、法一:灰度检测
def calculate_slide_distance(full_image, slider_image):"""计算滑块需要滑动的距离:param full_image: 完整背景图:param slider_image: 滑块图:return: 滑动距离"""if full_image is None or slider_image is None:print("图片数据为空，无法计算滑动距离")return 0# 灰度化gray_full = cv2.cvtColor(full_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)gray_slider = cv2.cvtColor(slider_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)# 边缘检测edges_full = cv2.Canny(gray_full, 50, 150)edges_slider = cv2.Canny(gray_slider, 50, 150)# 模板匹配，这里使用TM_CCOEFF_NORMED方法result = cv2.matchTemplate(edges_full, edges_slider, cv2.TM_CCOEFF_NORMED)min_val, max_val, min_loc, max_loc = cv2.minMaxLoc(result)print(f"匹配的相似度值: {max_val}")  # 打印匹配的相似度值distance = max_loc[0]print(f"计算得到的滑块滑动距离: {distance}")  # 打印计算得到的距离return distance
# 4.1.1、计算滑动距离
full_image = cv2.imread('img1.png')
slider_image = cv2.imread('img2.png')
distance = calculate_slide_distance(full_image, slider_image)
# --------------------------------------
# 4.2、法2：轮廓边界
def get_pos(imageSrc):image = cv2.imread(imageSrc) # 利用cv2读取图片blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (5, 5), 0, 0)canny = cv2.Canny(blurred, 0, 100)contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(canny, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)print(len(contours))for contour in contours:x, y, w, h = cv2.boundingRect(contour)area = cv2.contourArea(contour)zhouchang = cv2.arcLength(contour, True)if 5025 < area < 7225 and 300 < zhouchang < 380:x, y, w, h = cv2.boundingRect(contour)cv2.rectangle(image, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 0, 255), 2)cv2.imwrite("111.jpg", image)return xreturn 0
# 4.2.1 法2需要计算距离   
dis = get_pos('img.png')
dis = int(dis * 340 / 672 - pic2.location['x'])
driver.implicitly_wait(2000)
ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(pic2).perform()  # 按下按钮
# 4.2.2 反爬操作：
i = 0
moved = 0
while moved < dis:x = random.randint(3, 10)moved += xActionChains(driver).move_by_offset(xoffset=x, yoffset=0).perform()print("第{}次移动后, 位置为{}".format(i, pic2.location['x']))i += 1
ActionChains(driver).release().perform()# 5、等待页面加载完成
WebDriverWait(driver, 20).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".AppHeader-inner css-11p8nt5")))# 6、定义 CSV 文件路径
csv_file_path = "zhihu_data3.csv"# 7、写入 CSV 文件
def write_to_csv(data):with open(csv_file_path, mode="a", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as file:writer = csv.writer(file)writer.writerow(data)# 8、写入 CSV 表头
if not os.path.exists(csv_file_path):with open(csv_file_path, mode="w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as file:writer = csv.writer(file)writer.writerow(["author_name", "title", "item_id", "has_image", "upvote_num"])
# 9、滚动加载更多内容
def scroll_to_load_more(max_scrolls=10):scroll_count = 0last_height = driver.execute_script("return document.body.scrollHeight")while scroll_count < max_scrolls:# 滚动到底部driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")time.sleep(2)  # 等待新内容加载# 计算新的页面高度new_height = driver.execute_script("return document.body.scrollHeight")if new_height == last_height:  # 如果没有新内容加载，退出循环breaklast_height = new_heightscroll_count += 1scroll_to_load_more(max_scrolls=30)
# 10、提取数据
articles = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".ContentItem.ArticleItem, .ContentItem.AnswerItem")
for article in articles:try:# 提取 authorNameauthor_name = article.get_attribute("data-zop")if author_name:author_name = eval(author_name).get("authorName", "未知作者")else:author_name = "未知作者"# 提取 titletitle_element = article.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h2.ContentItem-title a")title = title_element.text# 提取 itemIditem_id = article.get_attribute("data-zop")if item_id:item_id = eval(item_id).get("itemId", "未知ID")else:item_id = "未知ID"# 提取 has_imagehas_image = False  # 默认值try:image_element = article.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".RichContent-inner img")if image_element:has_image = Trueexcept:pass# 提取 upvote_numupvote_num = 0try:upvote_element = article.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".VoteButton--up")upvote_num = int(upvote_element.text.replace("赞同", "").strip())except:pass# 打印提取的数据print(f"作者: {author_name}")print(f"标题: {title}")print(f"文章ID: {item_id}")print(f"是否有图片: {has_image}")print(f"点赞数: {upvote_num}")print("-" * 50)# 写入 CSV 文件data = [author_name, title, item_id, has_image, upvote_num]write_to_csv(data)except Exception as e:print(f"提取数据时出错: {e}")
time.sleep(2000)
# 关闭浏览器
driver.quit()