背景
本人主力工作电脑已经迁移到苹果芯片m1的macbook上,曾经尝试使用Fusion安装CentOS、OpenEuler、Ubuntu的一些版本,都没有安装成功。最近开始研究Linux/Unix系统编程,迫切需要通过VMware Fusion安装一台Linux操作系统的虚拟机。
Linux安装
在VMware Fusion下通过Linux发行版iso镜像安装操作,大部分步骤已经比较成熟,本文不做过多介绍,这里主要介绍安装过程遇到的问题和解决方案。
尝试OpenEuler
OpenEuler 22.03和24.03均在grub引导阶段失败,报错如下:
# OpenEuler 22.03
EFI stub:Booting Linux Kernel...
EFI stub:EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL unavailable,no randomness supplied
EFI stub:Using DTB from configuration table
EFI stub:Exiting boot services and installing virtual address map..# OpenEuler 24.03
EFI stub:Booting Linux Kernel...
EFI stub:EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL unavailable,no randomness supplied
EFI stub:Using DTB from configuration table
EFI stub:Exiting boot services...
OpenEuler安装多次失败尝试无果,参考网友分享m1 MacOS上通过Parallels Desktop成功安装Debian 10的版本,并成功运行大数据相关软件。VMware Fusion作为功能类似的软件,理论上也具有成功安装Debian Linux的能力,因此我选择采用Debian ARM64版本: Debian 12.5, 网络安装形式的最小镜像,debian-12.5.0-arm64-netinst.iso。
安装Debian
由于Debian ISO镜像默认为国外源,会导致安装软件的步骤无比慢,建议Debian OS安装完后改为国内镜像,进一步配置。需要通过一下操作进行:
1、Fusion创建VM时需要断开网络
2、安装过程指定国内镜像
3、完成安装
配置Debian/Linux
在Debian 12.5安装成功后,通过Fusion VM控制台root登陆OS,开始配置操作:
1、检查并启动网络
root@debian:~# ip route show#发现没有IP地址,无法联网,通过dhcpclient连接网络
root@debian:~# dhclient ens160
2、修改Debian 12.5(bookworm)源为国内镜像
root@debian:~# cat /etc/apt/sources.list
#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 12.5.0 _Bookworm_ - Official arm64 DVD Binary-1 with firmware 20240210-11:28]/ bookworm contrib main non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib# 配置sources.list后更新缓存
root@debian:~# apt-get update
Hit:1 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm InRelease
Hit:2 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
Hit:3 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm-backports InRelease
Hit:4 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
Get:5 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm/non-free-firmware Sources [6,168 B]
Get:6 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm/non-free-firmware arm64 Packages [5,824 B]
Get:7 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm/non-free-firmware Translation-en [20.8 kB]
Get:8 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm-updates/non-free-firmware Sources [2,076 B]
Get:9 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm-updates/non-free-firmware arm64 Packages [616 B]
Get:10 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian bookworm-updates/non-free-firmware Translation-en [384 B]
Get:11 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security bookworm-security/non-free-firmware Sources [796 B]
Get:12 https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security bookworm-security/non-free-firmware Translation-en [472 B]
Fetched 37.2 kB in 4s (10.2 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
网络最小化安装的Debian/Linux的sources.list文件本只指定了DVD的位置,不存在相关镜像链接,该链接为参考网易镜像提供的Debian buster版本sources.list文件的修改而来。
3、安装NetworkManager,解决Debian/Linux VM重启后网络消失的问题
root@debian:~# apt-get install network-manager
root@debian:~# systemctl start network-manager
root@debian:~# systemctl status NetworkManager
● NetworkManager.service - Network ManagerLoaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/NetworkManager.service; enabled; preset: enabled)Active: active (running) since Wed 2024-06-19 10:33:35 EDT; 7h leftDocs: man:NetworkManager(8)Main PID: 700 (NetworkManager)Tasks: 3 (limit: 2251)Memory: 15.1MCPU: 400msCGroup: /system.slice/NetworkManager.service└─700 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemonJun 19 10:33:35 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807615.8088] dhcp4 (ens160): state changed no lease
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0607] dhcp4 (ens160): state changed new lease, add>
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0620] policy: set 'Wired connection 1' (ens160) as>
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0692] device (ens160): state change: ip-config -> >
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0719] device (ens160): state change: ip-check -> s>
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0721] device (ens160): state change: secondaries ->
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0724] manager: NetworkManager state is now CONNECT>
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0727] device (ens160): Activation: successful, dev>
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0731] manager: NetworkManager state is now CONNECT>
Jun 19 10:33:38 debian NetworkManager[700]: <info> [1718807618.0735] manager: startup complete# 开启NetworkManager随VM开机启动
root@debian:~# systemctl enable NetworkManager
重启Debian/Linux VM后检查发现可以正常联网
root@debian:~# ip route show
default via 192.168.7.254 dev ens160 proto dhcp src 192.168.4.223 metric 100
192.168.4.0/22 dev ens160 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.4.223 metric 100
4、安装防火墙管理、编辑器软件
root@debian:~# apt-get install ufw
root@debian:~# ufw enable
# 打开端口22 TCP,方便ssh登陆
ufw allow 22/tcp
root@debian:~# ufw status
Status: activeTo Action From
-- ------ ----
22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
22/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
5、配置root用户登陆,以及普通用户提权到root
# 配置root用户登陆
root@debian:~# cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep PermitRootLogin
#PermitRootLogin prohibit-password
PermitRootLogin yes
# the setting of "PermitRootLogin prohibit-password".# 配置普通用户提权
# 检查发现不存在sudo配置文件/etc/sudoers,因此需要先安装sudo
root@debian:~# apt-get install sudo
# sudo配置文件为root只读权限,需要加写权限
root@debian:~# chmod +w /etc/sudoers# 修改/etc/sudoers, 在%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL后添加hbu的免密提权配置
root@debian:~# cat /etc/sudoers | grep -n "ALL="
47:root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
50:%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
51:hbu ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
# 去除sudo配置写权限
root@debian:~# chmod -w /etc/sudoers
参考
1、 解决在MacBook Air m1芯片上使用parallels Desktop装ubuntu20.04 arm64 出现EFI