The Ultimate Guide to Writing Functions
1.视频 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yatgY4NpZXE
2.代码 https://github.com/ArjanCodes/2022-funcguide
Python高质量函数编写指南
1. 一次做好一件事
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime@dataclass
class Customer:name: strphone: strcc_number: strcc_exp_month: intcc_exp_year: intcc_valid: bool = False# validate_card函数做了太多事情
def validate_card(customer: Customer) -> bool:def digits_of(number: str) -> list[int]:return [int(d) for d in number]digits = digits_of(customer.cc_number)odd_digits = digits[-1::-2]even_digits = digits[-2::-2]checksum = 0checksum += sum(odd_digits)for digit in even_digits:checksum += sum(digits_of(str(digit * 2)))customer.cc_valid = (checksum % 10 == 0and datetime(customer.cc_exp_year, customer.cc_exp_month, 1) > datetime.now())return customer.cc_validdef main() -> None:alice = Customer(name="Alice",phone="2341",cc_number="1249190007575069",cc_exp_month=1,cc_exp_year=2024,)is_valid = validate_card(alice)print(f"Is Alice's card valid? {is_valid}")print(alice)if __name__ == "__main__":main()
我们发现validate_card函数做了两件事：验证数字和有效、验证时间有效。
我们把验证数字和拆分出来一个函数luhn_checksum， 并在validate_card中调用。
修改后：
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime# 验证和 函数
def luhn_checksum(card_number: str) -> bool:def digits_of(number: str) -> list[int]:return [int(d) for d in number]digits = digits_of(card_number)odd_digits = digits[-1::-2]even_digits = digits[-2::-2]checksum = 0checksum += sum(odd_digits)for digit in even_digits:checksum += sum(digits_of(str(digit * 2)))return checksum % 10 == 0@dataclass
class Customer:name: strphone: str...def validate_card(customer: Customer) -> bool:customer.cc_valid = (luhn_checksum(customer.cc_number)and datetime(customer.cc_exp_year, customer.cc_exp_month, 1) > datetime.now())return customer.cc_valid2. 分离命令和查询(command and query)
validate_card 中同时进行了查询和赋值两个操作，这样不好。
我们将查询和赋值拆分成两个步骤。
validate_card只返回卡是否有效，而赋值操作alice.cc_valid = validate_card(alice) 移动到了主函数中。
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetimedef luhn_checksum(card_number: str) -> bool:def digits_of(number: str) -> list[int]:return [int(d) for d in number]digits = digits_of(card_number)odd_digits = digits[-1::-2]even_digits = digits[-2::-2]checksum = 0checksum += sum(odd_digits)for digit in even_digits:checksum += sum(digits_of(str(digit * 2)))return checksum % 10 == 0@dataclass
class Customer:name: strphone: strcc_number: strcc_exp_month: intcc_exp_year: intcc_valid: bool = False# 查询
def validate_card(customer: Customer) -> bool:return (luhn_checksum(customer.cc_number)and datetime(customer.cc_exp_year, customer.cc_exp_month, 1) > datetime.now())def main() -> None:alice = Customer(name="Alice",phone="2341",cc_number="1249190007575069",cc_exp_month=1,cc_exp_year=2024,)# 赋值alice.cc_valid = validate_card(alice) print(f"Is Alice's card valid? {alice.cc_valid}")print(alice)if __name__ == "__main__":main()
3. 只请求你需要的
函数validate_card实际上只需要3个参数（而不需要整个Customer对象）。
因此只请求3个参数：def validate_card(*, number: str, exp_month: int, exp_year: int) -> bool:
``
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetimedef luhn_checksum(card_number: str) -> bool:def digits_of(number: str) -> list[int]:return [int(d) for d in number]digits = digits_of(card_number)odd_digits = digits[-1::-2]even_digits = digits[-2::-2]checksum = 0checksum += sum(odd_digits)for digit in even_digits:checksum += sum(digits_of(str(digit * 2)))return checksum % 10 == 0@dataclass
class Customer:name: strphone: strcc_number: strcc_exp_month: intcc_exp_year: intcc_valid: bool = False# 只请求你需要的参数
def validate_card(*, number: str, exp_month: int, exp_year: int) -> bool:return luhn_checksum(number) and datetime(exp_year, exp_month, 1) > datetime.now()def main() -> None:alice = Customer(name="Alice",phone="2341",cc_number="1249190007575069",cc_exp_month=1,cc_exp_year=2024,)alice.cc_valid = validate_card(number=alice.cc_number,exp_month=alice.cc_exp_month,exp_year=alice.cc_exp_year,)print(f"Is Alice's card valid? {alice.cc_valid}")print(alice)if __name__ == "__main__":main()
4. 保持最小参数量
参数量很多时，调用时传参会比较麻烦。另一方面，函数需要很多参数，则暗示该函数可能做了很多事情。
下面我们抽象出Card 类， 减少了Customer和validae_card的参数量。
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Protocoldef luhn_checksum(card_number: str) -> bool:def digits_of(number: str) -> list[int]:return [int(d) for d in number]digits = digits_of(card_number)odd_digits = digits[-1::-2]even_digits = digits[-2::-2]checksum = 0checksum += sum(odd_digits)for digit in even_digits:checksum += sum(digits_of(str(digit * 2)))return checksum % 10 == 0@dataclass
class Card:number: strexp_month: intexp_year: intvalid: bool = False@dataclass
class Customer:name: strphone: strcard: Cardcard_valid: bool = Falseclass CardInfo(Protocol):@propertydef number(self) -> str:...@propertydef exp_month(self) -> int:...@propertydef exp_year(self) -> int:...def validate_card(card: CardInfo) -> bool:return (luhn_checksum(card.number)and datetime(card.exp_year, card.exp_month, 1) > datetime.now())def main() -> None:card = Card(number="1249190007575069", exp_month=1, exp_year=2024)alice = Customer(name="Alice", phone="2341", card=card) # 现在传入card，而不是3个参数card.valid = validate_card(card) # 传入cardprint(f"Is Alice's card valid? {card.valid}")print(alice)if __name__ == "__main__":main()
5. 不要在同一个地方创建并使用对象
不要再函数内创建对象并使用，更好的方式是在外面创建对象并作为参数传递给函数。
import loggingclass StripePaymentHandler:def handle_payment(self, amount: int) -> None:logging.info(f"Charging ${amount/100:.2f} using Stripe")PRICES = {"burger": 10_00,"fries": 5_00,"drink": 2_00,"salad": 15_00,
}# !!
def order_food(items: list[str]) -> None:total = sum(PRICES[item] for item in items)logging.info(f"Order total is ${total/100:.2f}.")payment_handler = StripePaymentHandler() # ... 创建对象payment_handler.handle_payment(total) # 使用对象logging.info("Order completed.")def main() -> None:logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)order_food(["burger", "fries", "drink"])if __name__ == "__main__":main()
修改后：
import logging
from typing import Protocolclass StripePaymentHandler:def handle_payment(self, amount: int) -> None:logging.info(f"Charging ${amount/100:.2f} using Stripe")PRICES = {"burger": 10_00,"fries": 5_00,"drink": 2_00,"salad": 15_00,
}class PaymentHandler(Protocol):def handle_payment(self, amount: int) -> None:...# !! 现在通过参数传入对象
def order_food(items: list[str], payment_handler: PaymentHandler) -> None:total = sum(PRICES[item] for item in items)logging.info(f"Order total is ${total/100:.2f}.")payment_handler.handle_payment(total) # logging.info("Order completed.")def main() -> None:logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)order_food(["burger", "salad", "drink"], StripePaymentHandler())if __name__ == "__main__":main()
6. 不要用flag参数
flag参数意味着函数处理两种情况，函数会变得复杂。建议将两者情况拆分成单独的函数。
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import StrEnum, autoFIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT = 5class Role(StrEnum):PRESIDENT = auto()VICEPRESIDENT = auto()MANAGER = auto()LEAD = auto()ENGINEER = auto()INTERN = auto()@dataclass
class Employee:name: strrole: Rolevacation_days: int = 25def take_a_holiday(self, payout: bool, nr_days: int = 1) -> None:if payout:if self.vacation_days < FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT:raise ValueError(f"You don't have enough holidays left over for a payout.\Remaining holidays: {self.vacation_days}.")self.vacation_days -= FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUTprint(f"Paying out a holiday. Holidays left: {self.vacation_days}")else:if self.vacation_days < nr_days:raise ValueError("You don't have any holidays left. Now back to work, you!")self.vacation_days -= nr_daysprint("Have fun on your holiday. Don't forget to check your emails!")def main() -> None:employee = Employee(name="John Doe", role=Role.ENGINEER)employee.take_a_holiday(True)if __name__ == "__main__":main()
修改后：
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import StrEnum, autoFIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT = 5class Role(StrEnum):PRESIDENT = auto()VICEPRESIDENT = auto()MANAGER = auto()LEAD = auto()ENGINEER = auto()INTERN = auto()@dataclass
class Employee:name: strrole: Rolevacation_days: int = 25def payout_holiday(self) -> None:if self.vacation_days < FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT:raise ValueError(f"You don't have enough holidays left over for a payout.\Remaining holidays: {self.vacation_days}.")self.vacation_days -= FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUTprint(f"Paying out a holiday. Holidays left: {self.vacation_days}")def take_holiday(self, nr_days: int = 1) -> None:if self.vacation_days < nr_days:raise ValueError("You don't have any holidays left. Now back to work, you!")self.vacation_days -= nr_daysprint("Have fun on your holiday. Don't forget to check your emails!")def main() -> None:employee = Employee(name="John Doe", role=Role.ENGINEER)employee.payout_holiday()if __name__ == "__main__":main()
7. 函数也是对象
函数也是对象，因此可以作为参数传递，作为函数返回值。
import logging
from functools import partial
from typing import Callabledef handle_payment_stripe(amount: int) -> None:logging.info(f"Charging ${amount/100:.2f} using Stripe")PRICES = {"burger": 10_00,"fries": 5_00,"drink": 2_00,"salad": 15_00,
}HandlePaymentFn = Callable[[int], None]# 函数作为参数
def order_food(items: list[str], payment_handler: HandlePaymentFn) -> None:total = sum(PRICES[item] for item in items)logging.info(f"Order total is ${total/100:.2f}.")payment_handler(total)logging.info("Order completed.")order_food_stripe = partial(order_food, payment_handler=handle_payment_stripe)def main() -> None:logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)# order_food(["burger", "salad", "drink"], handle_payment_stripe)order_food_stripe(["burger", "salad", "drink"])if __name__ == "__main__":main()
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