UDP:用户数据报协议
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特点: 无连接、不可靠通信
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不事先建立连接,数据按照包发,一包数据包含:自己的IP、程序端口、目的地IP、程序端口和数据(限制在64KB内)
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发送方不管对方是否在线,数据在中间丢失也不管,如果接收方收到数据也不返回确认,故不可靠
- Java代码常用方法
DatagramSocket()
:创建一个未绑定到任何本地地址和端口的DatagramSocket
对象。DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
DatagramSocket(int port)
:创建一个绑定到指定端口的DatagramSocket
对象。DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8080);
send(DatagramPacket packet)
:发送数据报包。byte[] data = "Hello, world!".getBytes(); DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, InetAddress.getByName("localhost"), 8080); socket.send(packet);
receive(DatagramPacket packet)
:接收数据报包。byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); socket.receive(packet);
setSoTimeout(int timeout)
:设置接收超时时间(以毫秒为单位)。socket.setSoTimeout(5000); // 设置5秒超时
close()
:关闭套接字。socket.close();
bind(SocketAddress bindaddr)
:将套接字绑定到特定的本地地址和端口。socket.bind(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
getLocalSocketAddress()
:获取套接字绑定的本地地址和端口。SocketAddress localAddress = socket.getLocalSocketAddress();
下面是一个简单的示例代码,演示如何使用DatagramSocket
发送和接收UDP数据报:
import java.net.*;public class UDPSocketExample {public static void main(String[] args) {try {// 创建一个DatagramSocket对象并绑定到本地端口8080DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8080);// 准备发送的消息字符串String message = "Hello, UDP!";// 将消息字符串转换为字节数组byte[] sendData = message.getBytes();// 获取接收者的地址(本地主机)和端口号(8081)InetAddress receiverAddress = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");int receiverPort = 8081;// 创建一个DatagramPacket对象,用于发送数据DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, receiverAddress, receiverPort);// 发送数据报包socket.send(sendPacket);System.out.println("Sent message: " + message);// 创建一个字节数组用于接收数据byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];// 创建一个DatagramPacket对象,用于接收数据DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);// 接收数据报包socket.receive(receivePacket);// 从接收的数据报包中获取消息字符串String receivedMessage = new String(receivePacket.getData(), 0, receivePacket.getLength());System.out.println("Received message: " + receivedMessage);// 关闭套接字socket.close();} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}
在此示例中,我们使用DatagramSocket
实现了一个简单的UDP通信程序。首先,我们创建了一个DatagramSocket
对象并绑定到本地端口8080。然后,我们准备了要发送的消息字符串,并将其转换为字节数组。接着,我们获取了接收者的地址(本地主机)和端口号(8081),并创建了一个DatagramPacket
对象用于发送数据。我们发送了数据报包,并在控制台打印了发送的消息。接着,我们创建了一个用于接收数据的字节数组和DatagramPacket
对象,并接收了从本地端口8081发送的数据报包。最后,我们从接收的数据报包中获取消息字符串,并在控制台打印接收到的消息。最后,我们关闭了套接字。
当然这只是实现了单发单收,我们可以利用死循环实现一个客户端和一个服务端的多发多收。下面我们利用线程实现多发多收。
下面是一个示例代码,演示如何实现多发多收的UDP通信:
import java.net.*;public class MultiSendReceiveUDP {public static void main(String[] args) {try {// 创建DatagramSocket对象并绑定到本地端口8080DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8080);// 启动接收线程Thread receiverThread = new Thread(new Receiver(socket));receiverThread.start();// 创建发送者线程并启动Thread sender1 = new Thread(new Sender(socket, "Message 1", "localhost", 8081));Thread sender2 = new Thread(new Sender(socket, "Message 2", "localhost", 8081));sender1.start();sender2.start();} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}// 接收者线程类static class Receiver implements Runnable {private DatagramSocket socket;public Receiver(DatagramSocket socket) {this.socket = socket;}@Overridepublic void run() {try {// 创建一个字节数组用于接收数据byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];while (true) {// 创建一个DatagramPacket对象,用于接收数据DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);// 接收数据报包socket.receive(receivePacket);// 从接收的数据报包中获取消息字符串String receivedMessage = new String(receivePacket.getData(), 0, receivePacket.getLength());System.out.println("Received message: " + receivedMessage);}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}// 发送者线程类static class Sender implements Runnable {private DatagramSocket socket;private String message;private String receiverHost;private int receiverPort;public Sender(DatagramSocket socket, String message, String receiverHost, int receiverPort) {this.socket = socket;this.message = message;this.receiverHost = receiverHost;this.receiverPort = receiverPort;}@Overridepublic void run() {try {// 将消息字符串转换为字节数组byte[] sendData = message.getBytes();// 获取接收者的地址和端口号InetAddress receiverAddress = InetAddress.getByName(receiverHost);// 创建一个DatagramPacket对象,用于发送数据DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, receiverAddress, receiverPort);// 发送数据报包socket.send(sendPacket);System.out.println("Sent message: " + message);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}
}
在此示例中,我们创建了一个MultiSendReceiveUDP
类,其中包含了main
方法,以及Receiver
和Sender
类,分别用于接收和发送数据。在main
方法中,我们创建了一个DatagramSocket
对象并绑定到本地端口8080,并启动了一个接收者线程。然后,我们创建了两个发送者线程,并将它们分别启动。每个发送者线程将向本地主机的端口8081发送一条消息。接收者线程将一直接收来自发送者的消息,并在控制台打印出来。