1、应用层
我们程序员写的一个个解决我们实际问题，满足我们日常需求的网络程序，都是在应用层。
2、再谈“协议”
协议是一种 " 约定 "。 socket api 的接口 , 在读写数据时 , 都是按 " 字符串 " 的方式来发送接收的 . 如果我们要传输一些 "结构化的数据 " 怎么办呢 ?
这个时候就要进行序列化和反序列化，什么意思呢？如图：
左边的客户端在给右边的服务器想发送这样一个msg的结构化的数据，那么服务端就必须也要有一个完全相同的结构可以接受数据，然后在客户端向网络发送数据时会先转换成字符串，然后服务器接收时再将字符串转换成结构化的数据，所以只要确保一端发送的数据，另一端能够识别，这种约定，就是应用层的协议。
3、网络版计算器
Socket.hpp
这是一个封装的套接字接口，可以创建套接字，进行绑定、监听、接收、连接以及关闭套接字。
//Socket.hpp
#pragma once#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <cstring>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include "Log.hpp"enum{SocketErr = 2,BindErr,ListenErr,
};//TODO
const int backlog = 10;class Sock
{
public:Sock(){}~Sock(){}void Socket(){sockfd_ = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);if(sockfd_ < 0){lg(Fatal, "socker error, %s: %d", strerror(errno), errno);exit(SocketErr);}}void Bind(uint16_t port){struct sockaddr_in local;memset(&local, 0, sizeof(local));local.sin_family = AF_INET;local.sin_port = htons(port);local.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;if(bind(sockfd_, (struct sockaddr*)&local, sizeof(local)) < 0){lg(Fatal, "bind error, %s: %d", strerror(errno), errno);exit(BindErr);}}void Listen(){if(listen(sockfd_, backlog) < 0){lg(Fatal, "bind error, %s: %d", strerror(errno), errno);exit(ListenErr);}}int Accept(std::string *clientip, uint16_t *clientport){struct sockaddr_in peer;socklen_t len = sizeof(peer);int newfd = accept(sockfd_, (struct sockaddr*)&peer, &len);if(newfd < 0){lg(Warning, "accept error, %s: %d", strerror(errno), errno);return -1;}char ipstr[64];inet_ntop(AF_INET, &peer.sin_addr, ipstr, sizeof(ipstr));*clientip = ipstr;*clientport = ntohs(peer.sin_port);return newfd;}bool Connect(const std::string &ip, const uint16_t &port){struct sockaddr_in peer;memset(&peer, 0, sizeof(peer));peer.sin_family = AF_INET;peer.sin_port = htons(port);inet_pton(AF_INET, ip.c_str(), &(peer.sin_addr));int n = connect(sockfd_, (struct sockaddr*)&peer, sizeof(peer));if (n == -1) {std::cerr << "connect to" << ip << ":" << port << std::endl;return false;}return true;}void Close(){close(sockfd_);}int Fd(){return sockfd_;}
private:int sockfd_;
};TcpServer.hpp
下面是一个创建tcp服务器的接口，实现了启动服务器的功能，在里面调用其他接口处理收到的数据然后写回给客户端。
//TcpServer.hpp
#pragma once
#include <functional>
#include <string>
#include "Log.hpp"
#include "Socket.hpp"
#include <signal.h>using func_t = std::function<std::string (std::string &package)>;class TcpServer
{
public:
TcpServer(uint16_t port, func_t callback):port_(port), callback_(callback)
{}
bool InitServer()
{listensock_.Socket();listensock_.Bind(port_);listensock_.Listen();lg(Info, "init server ... done");return true;
}
void Start()
{signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);while(true){ std::string clientip;uint16_t clientport;int sockfd = listensock_.Accept(&clientip, &clientport);if(sockfd < 0) continue;lg(Info, "accept a new link, sockfd: %d, clientip: %s, clientport: %d", sockfd, clientip.c_str(), clientport);//提供服务if(fork() == 0){listensock_.Close();std::string inbuffer_stream;// 数据计算while(true){char buffer[128];ssize_t n = read(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));if (n > 0){buffer[n] = 0;inbuffer_stream += buffer;lg(Debug, "debug: %s", inbuffer_stream.c_str());std::string info = callback_(inbuffer_stream);if(info.empty()) continue;write(sockfd, info.c_str(), info.size());}else if(n == 0) break;else break;}exit(0);}close(sockfd);}
}
~TcpServer()
{}
private:uint16_t port_;Sock listensock_;func_t callback_;
};ServerCal.hpp
这是计算器服务器的接口，里面定义了计算器的基本功能加减乘除取模，调用了Protocol接口中的序列化反序列化来将数据标准化。
//ServerCal.hpp
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include "Protocol.hpp"enum{Div_Zero = 1,Mod_Zero, Other_Oper
};class ServerCal
{
public:ServerCal(){}Response CalculatorHelper(const Request &req){Response resp(0, 0);switch(req.op){case '+':resp.result = req.x + req.y;break;case '-':resp.result = req.x - req.y;break;case '*':resp.result = req.x * req.y;break;case '/':{if (req.y == 0) resp.code = Div_Zero;else resp.result = req.x / req.y;}break;case '%':{if (req.y == 0) resp.code = Mod_Zero;else resp.result = req.x % req.y;}break;default:resp.code = Other_Oper;break;}return resp;}// "len"\n"10 + 20"\nstd::string Calculator(std::string &package){std::string content;bool r = Decode(package,&content); // "len"\n"10 + 20"\nif(!r) return "";// "10 + 20"Request req;r = req.Deserialize(content);// "10 + 20" -> x=10 op=+ y=20if(!r) return "";content = ""; //Response resp = CalculatorHelper(req); resp.Serialize(&content);content = Encode(content);return content;}~ServerCal(){}
};ServerCal.cc
这里是服务器启动的程序，通过绑定端口号启动服务器。
//ServerCal.cc
#include "TcpServer.hpp"
#include "ServerCal.hpp"static void Usage(const std::string &proc)
{std::cout << "\nUsage: " << proc << "port\n" << std::endl;
}//./servercal 8080
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{if(argc != 2){Usage(argv[0]);exit(0);}uint16_t port = std::stoi(argv[1]);ServerCal cal;TcpServer *tsvp = new TcpServer(8080, std::bind(&ServerCal::Calculator, &cal, std::placeholders::_1));tsvp->InitServer();tsvp->Start();return 0;
}Protocol.hpp
这是对数据进行序列化反序列化的接口。
//Protocol.hpp
#pragma once #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <jsoncpp/json/json.h>// #define MySelf 1const std::string blank_space_sep = " ";
const std::string protocol_sep = "\n";std::string Encode(std::string &content)
{// 封装报头std::string package = std::to_string(content.size());package += protocol_sep;package += content;package += protocol_sep;return package;
}//"len"\n"x op y"
bool Decode(std::string &package, std::string *content)
{std::size_t pos = package.find(protocol_sep);if (pos == std::string::npos) return false;std::string len_str = package.substr(0, pos);std::size_t len = std::stoi(len_str);// package = len_str + content + 2std::size_t total_len = len_str.size() + len + 2;if(package.size() < total_len) return false;*content = package.substr(pos+1, len);// earse 移除报文 package.erase(0, total_len);package.erase(0, total_len);return true;
}// json, protobuf
class Request
{
public:Request(int data1, int data2, char oper):x(data1), y(data2), op(oper){}Request(){}bool Serialize(std::string *out){
#ifdef MySelf// 构建报文的有效载荷// struct => string,x op y => "len"\n"x op y"std::string s = std::to_string(x);s += blank_space_sep;s += op;s += blank_space_sep;s += std::to_string(y);*out = s;return true;
#else Json::Value root;root["x"] = x;root["y"] = y;root["op"] = op;//Json::FastWriter w;Json::StyledWriter w;*out = w.write(root);return true;
#endif}bool Deserialize(const std::string &in) // "x op y"{
#ifdef MySelfstd::size_t left = in.find(blank_space_sep);if(left == std::string::npos) return false;std::string part_x = in.substr(0, left);std::size_t right = in.rfind(blank_space_sep);if(right == std::string::npos) return false;std::string part_y = in.substr(right+1);if(left + 2 != right) return false;op = in[left + 1];x = std::stoi(part_x);y = std::stoi(part_y);return true;
#else Json::Value root;Json::Reader r;r.parse(in, root);x = root["x"].asInt();y = root["y"].asInt();op = root["op"].asInt();return true;
#endif}void DebugPrint(){std::cout << "新请求构建完成" << x << op << y << '=?' << std::endl;}
public:// x op yint x;int y;char op; // + - * / %
};class Response
{
public:Response(int res, int c):result(res), code(c){}Response(){}bool Serialize(std::string *out){
#ifdef MySelf// "result code"// 构建报文的有效载荷std::string s = std::to_string(result);s += blank_space_sep;s += std::to_string(code);*out = s;return true;
#else Json::Value root;root["result"] = result;root["code"] = code;//Json::FastWriter w;Json::StyledWriter w;*out = w.write(root);return true;
#endif}bool Deserialize(const std::string &in) // "result cpde"{
#ifdef MySelfstd::size_t pos = in.find(blank_space_sep);if(pos == std::string::npos) return false;std::string part_left = in.substr(0, pos);std::string part_right = in.substr(pos+1);result = std::stoi(part_left);code = std::stoi(part_right);return true;
#else Json::Value root;Json::Reader r;r.parse(in, root);result = root["result"].asInt();code = root["code"].asInt();return true;
#endif}void DebugPrint(){std::cout << "结果响应完成： result:" << result << ", code:" << code << std::endl;}
public:int result;int code; // 0, 可信，否则！0具体是几，表明对应的错误原因
};ClientCal.cc
这是客户端启动的程序，通过服务器ip和端口连接服务器。
//ClientCal.cc
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "Socket.hpp"
#include "Protocol.hpp"static void Usage(const std::string &proc)
{std::cout << "\nUsage: " << proc << "serverip serverport\n" << std::endl;
}// ./clientcal ip port
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{if(argc != 3){Usage(argv[0]);exit(0);}std::string serverip = argv[1];uint16_t serverport = std::stoi(argv[2]);Sock sockfd;sockfd.Socket();bool r = sockfd.Connect(serverip, serverport);if(!r) return 1;srand(time(nullptr) ^ getpid());int cnt = 1;const std::string opers = "+-*/%=&^";std::string inbuffer_stream;while(cnt++ < 10){ std::cout << "第" << cnt << "次测试..." << std::endl;int x = rand() % 100 + 1;usleep(1234);int y = rand() % 100;usleep(4321);char oper = opers[rand() % opers.size()];Request req(x, y, oper);req.DebugPrint();std::string package;req.Serialize(&package);package = Encode(package);std::cout << "这是最新的发出去的请求： \n" << package;write(sockfd.Fd(), package.c_str(), package.size());char buffer[128];ssize_t n = read(sockfd.Fd(), buffer, sizeof(buffer)); //我们也无法保证能读到一个完整的报文if(n > 0){buffer[n] = 0;inbuffer_stream += buffer; //"len"\n"result code"\nstd::string content;bool r = Decode(inbuffer_stream, &content); // "result code"assert(r);Response resp;r = resp.Deserialize(content);assert(r);resp.DebugPrint();}sleep(1);}sockfd.Close();return 0;
}Log.hpp
这是日志接口。
//Log.hpp
#pragma once#include <iostream>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>#define SIZE 1024#define Info 0
#define Debug 1
#define Warning 2
#define Error 3
#define Fatal 4#define Screen 1
#define Onefile 2
#define Classfile 3#define LogFile "log.txt"class Log
{
public:Log(){printMethod = Screen;path = "./log/";}void Enable(int method){printMethod = method;}std::string levelToString(int level){switch (level){case Info:return "Info";case Debug:return "Debug";case Warning:return "Warning";case Error:return "Error";case Fatal:return "Fatal";default:return "None";}}// void logmessage(int level, const char *format, ...)// {// time_t t = time(nullptr);// struct tm *ctime = localtime(&t);// char leftbuffer[SIZE];// snprintf(leftbuffer, sizeof(leftbuffer), "[%s][%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d]", levelToString(level).c_str(),// ctime->tm_year + 1900, ctime->tm_mon + 1, ctime->tm_mday,// ctime->tm_hour, ctime->tm_min, ctime->tm_sec);// // va_list s;// // va_start(s, format);// char rightbuffer[SIZE];// vsnprintf(rightbuffer, sizeof(rightbuffer), format, s);// // va_end(s);// // 格式：默认部分+自定义部分// char logtxt[SIZE * 2];// snprintf(logtxt, sizeof(logtxt), "%s %s\n", leftbuffer, rightbuffer);// // printf("%s", logtxt); // 暂时打印// printLog(level, logtxt);// }void printLog(int level, const std::string &logtxt){switch (printMethod){case Screen:std::cout << logtxt << std::endl;break;case Onefile:printOneFile(LogFile, logtxt);break;case Classfile:printClassFile(level, logtxt);break;default:break;}}void printOneFile(const std::string &logname, const std::string &logtxt){std::string _logname = path + logname;int fd = open(_logname.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, 0666); // "log.txt"if (fd < 0)return;write(fd, logtxt.c_str(), logtxt.size());close(fd);}void printClassFile(int level, const std::string &logtxt){std::string filename = LogFile;filename += ".";filename += levelToString(level); // "log.txt.Debug/Warning/Fatal"printOneFile(filename, logtxt);}~Log(){}void operator()(int level, const char *format, ...){time_t t = time(nullptr);struct tm *ctime = localtime(&t);char leftbuffer[SIZE];snprintf(leftbuffer, sizeof(leftbuffer), "[%s][%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d]", levelToString(level).c_str(),ctime->tm_year + 1900, ctime->tm_mon + 1, ctime->tm_mday,ctime->tm_hour, ctime->tm_min, ctime->tm_sec);va_list s;va_start(s, format);char rightbuffer[SIZE];vsnprintf(rightbuffer, sizeof(rightbuffer), format, s);va_end(s);// 格式：默认部分+自定义部分char logtxt[SIZE * 2];snprintf(logtxt, sizeof(logtxt), "%s %s", leftbuffer, rightbuffer);// printf("%s", logtxt); // 暂时打印printLog(level, logtxt);}private:int printMethod;std::string path;
};Log lg;// int sum(int n, ...)
// {
// va_list s; // char*
// va_start(s, n);// int sum = 0;
// while(n)
// {
// sum += va_arg(s, int); // printf("hello %d, hello %s, hello %c, hello %d,", 1, "hello", 'c', 123);
// n--;
// }// va_end(s); //s = NULL
// return sum;
// }Makefile
//Makefile
.PHONY:all
all:servercal clientcalFlag=-DMySelf=1
Lib=-ljsoncppservercal:ServerCal.ccg++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++11 $(Lib) #$(Flag)
clientcal:ClientCal.ccg++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++11 -g $(Lib) #$(Flag).PHONY:clean
clean:rm -f servercal clientcal
