Outline • Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data • XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model • Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases • XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema • XML Languages 结构化、半结构化和非结构化数据 - XML 层次（树）数据模型 - 从关系数据库中提取 XML 文档 - XML 文档、DTD 和 XML 模式 - XML 语言

Structured, Semi-structured, and Unstructured Data • Structured data — Represented in a strict format (schema) — Example: information stored in databases结构化数据 - 以严格的格式（模式）表示 - 例如：存储在数据库中的信息 • Semi-structured data — Has a certain structure — Not all information collected will have identical structure半结构化数据 - 具有一定的结构 - 并非所有收集到的信息都具有相同的结构  • Unstructured data — Limited indication of the of data document that contains information embedded within it 非结构化数据 - 数据文件的有限指示，其中包含嵌入的信息

Examples • Structured: Excel spreadsheets Comma-separated value file (.csv) Relational database tables • Semi-structured: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) files, Extensible Markup Language (XML) files • Unstructured: Audio, Video, Flat Text示例 - 结构化： Excel 电子表格 逗号分隔值文件（.csv） 关系数据库表格 - 半结构化： 超文本标记语言 (HTML) 文件、JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 文件、可扩展标记语言 (XML) 文件 - 非结构化： 音频、视频、扁平文本

Semi-structured Data • Schema information mixed in with data values • Self-describing data • May be displayed as a directed graph — Labels or tags on directed edges represent:半结构化数据 - 混合在数据值中的模式信息 - 自描述数据 - 可以有向图的形式显示 ◦ Schema names ◦ Names of attributes ◦ Object types (or entity types or classes) ◦ Relationships有向边上的标签或标记表示： 模式名称 ◦属性名称 ◦对象类型（或实体类型或类） ◦关系XML: Extensible Markup Language • Data sources — Database storing data for Internet applications — Standard for data representation and exchange 数据源 - 为互联网应用程序存储数据的数据库 - 数据表示和交换标准 • Hypertext documents (HTML) — Common method of specifying contents and formatting of Web pages — Tags describe content instead of formatting 超文本文档（HTML） - 指定网页内容和格式的通用方法 • XML data model

XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model • Elements and attributes — Main structuring concepts used to construct an XML document 元素和属性 - 用于构建 XML 文档的主要结构概念• Complex elements — Constructed from other elements hierarchically 复杂元素 - 由其他元素分层构建• Simple elements — Contain data values 简单元素 - 包含数据值• XML tag names — Describe the meaning of the data elements in the document — Start tag: angled brackets – — End tag with a slash –XML 标记名称 - 描述文档中数据元素的含义 - 开始标记：带角度的括号 - <...> - 带斜线的结束标记 - </...> Company ER Model

Company Relational ModelCompany Entities

Relational to XML Mapping

Relational Model v.s. XMLKnowledge Check • You’re creating a database to contain information about university records: students, courses, grades, etc. Should you use the relational model or XML? • You’re creating a database to contain information for a university web site: news, academic announcements, admissions, events, research, etc. Should you use the relational model or XML? • You’re creating a database to contain information about family trees (ancestry). Should you use the relational model or XML?“Well-Formed” XML Adheres to basic structural requirements • Single root element • Matched tags, proper nesting • Unique attributes within elements "格式完善的 "XML 符合基本结构要求 - 单一根元素 - 匹配的标记，适当的嵌套 - 元素内的唯一属性

Displaying XML Use rule-based language to translate to HTML • Cascading stylesheets (CSS) • Extensible stylesheet language (XSL)使用基于规则的语言翻译成 HTML - 层叠样式表 (CSS) - 可扩展样式表语言 (XSL)

Extensible Markup Language (XML) • Standard for data representation and exchange • Formal specification is enormous; we cover most important components

“Valid” XML Adheres to basic structural requirements • Also adheres to content-specific specification — Document Type Descriptor (DTD) — XML Schema Description (XSD)符合基本的结构要求 - 也符合特定内容规范 - Document Type Descriptor (DTD) - XML Schema Description (XSD)  所以是在“Well-Formed” XML的基础上符合特定内容规范

Document Type Descriptor (DTD) • Grammar-like language for specifying elements, attributes, nesting, ordering, #occurrences 文档类型描述符（DTD）--类似语法的语言，用于指定元素、属性、嵌套、排序和 #occurrences

XML Schema (XSD) • Extensive language • Like DTDs, can specify elements, attributes, nesting, ordering, #occurrences • Also data types, keys, (typed) pointers, and more • XSD is written in XML 扩展语言 - 与 DTD 类似，可指定元素、属性、嵌套、排序、#occurrences - 还可指定数据类型、键、（类型化）指针等 - XSD 以 XML 编写

DTD/XSD v.s. None (Well-Formed) • Advantages — Program can assume the structure — CSS/XSL rules are simple when program has particular structure — Specification language DTD as a specification what the XML look like — Documentation — Strongly typed Data • Disadvantages — Flexibility and ease of change is difficult — DTD can be messy irregular structure — Benefits of no typing //“Valid” XML对比“Well-Formed” XML的优点 - 程序可以假设结构 - 当程序具有特定结构时，CSS/XSL 规则很简单 - 规范语言 DTD 作为 XML 的外观规范 - 文档 - 强类型化数据 - 缺点 - 难以实现灵活性和易更改性 - DTD 可能是杂乱无章的不规则结构 - 无类型化的优点

Querying XML • Not nearly as mature as Querying Relational — Newer — No underlying algebraXML 查询 - 不如关系查询成熟 - 较新 - 没有底层代数 • Sequence of development — XPath: Path expression + conditions — XSLT: Xpath transformation, output formatting — XQuery: Xpath + full featured QL 发展顺序 - XPath： XSLT：Xpath 转换、输出格式化 - XQuery： X路径+全功能QL

XPath = Path expressions + Conditions XPath = 路径表达式 + 条件

- 基本结构 - / ：根元素分隔符

- 元素名称 X

- * ： 匹配路径中的任何节点

- @ : 属性名

- // : 任何子节点或自通配符

- [C] : 条件

- [N] : 根据位置访问子节点

• Built-in functions (lots of them) — starts-with() and contains() : built-in functions work on string values and can be useful to access elements based on substring matches. /companyDB/employees/employee[starts-with(lname,"S")] /companyDB/employees/employee[contains(address,"Philadelphia")] 内置函数（很多） - starts-with() 和 contains()：内置函数用于处理字符串值，可用于访问基于子串匹配的元素。  Navigation “axes” (13 of them) — Keywords that allows us to move in multiple directions from current node in path expression ◦ includes, self, child, descendent, attribute, parent, ancestor, previous sibling, and next sibling- 导航 "轴"（共 13 个）--允许我们从路径表达式中的当前节点向多个方向移动的关键字 ◦ 包括、自己、子节点、后节点、属性、父节点、祖节点、上一个兄弟节点和下一个兄弟节点

More Details • XPath queries operate on & return sequence of elements — XML document — XML stream • Sometimes result can be expressed as XML, not always XPath 查询操作并返回元素序列 - XML 文档 - XML 流 - 有时结果可表示为 XML，但并非总是如此

XQuery: FLWOR Expression • All except Return are optional • For and Let can be repeated and interleaved XQuery： FLWOR 表达式 - 除了 Return 之外，其他都是可选的 - For 和 Let 可以重复和交错使用Mixing Queries and XML

Summary • Three main types of data: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured • XML standard — Tree-structured (hierarchical) data model — XML documents and the languages for specifying the structure of these documents • XPath and XQuery languages — Query XML data 三种主要数据类型：结构化、半结构化和非结构化 - XML 标准 - 树状结构（分层）数据模型 - XML 文档和指定这些文档结构的语言 - XPath 和 XQuery 语言 - 查询 XML 数据