行级触发器:
当触发器被触发时,要使用被插入、更新或删除的记录中的列值,有时要使用操作前、后列的值.
:NEW 修饰符访问操作完成后列的值
:OLD 修饰符访问操作完成前列的值
例1: 建立一个触发器, 当职工表 emp 表被删除一条记录时,把被删除记录写到职工表删除日志表中去。
CREATE TABLE emp_his AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE 1 = 2 ; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_del_emp BEFORE DELETE -- 指定触发时机为删除操作前触发 ON scott.emp FOR EACH ROW -- 说明创建的是行级触发器 BEGIN -- 将修改前数据插入到日志记录表 del_emp ,以供监督使用。 INSERT INTO emp_his(deptno , empno, ename , job ,mgr , sal , comm , hiredate ) VALUES ( :old.deptno, :old.empno, :old.ename , :old.job,:old.mgr, :old.sal, :old.comm, :old.hiredate ); END ; DELETE emp WHERE empno = 7788 ; DROP TABLE emp_his; DROP TRIGGER del_emp;
例2:限制对Departments表修改(包括INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE)的时间范围,即不允许在非工作时间修改departments表。
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_dept_time BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON departments BEGIN IF (TO_CHAR(sysdate, ' DAY ' ) IN ( ' 星期六 ' , ' 星期日 ' )) OR (TO_CHAR(sysdate, ' HH24:MI ' ) NOT BETWEEN ' 08:30 ' AND ' 18:00 ' ) THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( - 20001 , ' 不是上班时间,不能修改departments表 ' ); END IF ; END ;
例3:限定只对部门号为80的记录进行行触发器操作。
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_emp_sal_comm
BEFORE UPDATE OF salary, commission_pct
OR DELETE
ON HR.employees FOR EACH ROW WHEN (old.department_id = 80 ) BEGIN CASE WHEN UPDATING ( ' salary ' ) THEN IF :NEW.salary < :old.salary THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( - 20001 , ' 部门80的人员的工资不能降 ' ); END IF ; WHEN UPDATING ( ' commission_pct ' ) THEN IF :NEW.commission_pct < :old.commission_pct THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( - 20002 , ' 部门80的人员的奖金不能降 ' ); END IF ; WHEN DELETING THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( - 20003 , ' 不能删除部门80的人员记录 ' ); END CASE ; END ;
/*
实例:
UPDATE employees SET salary = 8000 WHERE employee_id = 177;
DELETE FROM employees WHERE employee_id in (177,170);
*/
例4: 利用行触发器实现级联更新。在修改了主表 regions 中的 region_id 之后( AFTER ),级联的、自动的更新子表 countries 表中原来在该地区的国家的 region_id 。
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_reg_cou AFTER update OF region_id ON regions FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( ' 旧的region_id值是 ' || :old.region_id || ' 、新的region_id值是 ' || :new.region_id); UPDATE countries SET region_id = :new.region_id WHERE region_id = :old.region_id; END ;
例5:在触发器中调用过程。
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE add_job_history ( p_emp_id job_history.employee_id % type , p_start_date job_history.start_date % type , p_end_date job_history.end_date % type , p_job_id job_history.job_id % type , p_department_id job_history.department_id % type ) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO job_history (employee_id, start_date, end_date, job_id, department_id) VALUES (p_emp_id, p_start_date, p_end_date, p_job_id, p_department_id); END add_job_history; -- 创建触发器调用存储过程... CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_job_history AFTER UPDATE OF job_id, department_id ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN add_job_history(:old.employee_id, :old.hire_date, sysdate, :old.job_id, :old.department_id); END ;