元类实现ORM
1. ORM是什么
ORM 是 python编程语言后端web框架 Django的核心思想，“Object Relational Mapping”，即对象-关系映射，简称ORM。
一个句话理解就是：创建一个实例对象，用创建它的类名当做数据表名，用创建它的类属性对应数据表的字段，当对这个实例对象操作时，能够对应MySQL语句
demo:
class User(父类省略):uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")name = ('username', "varchar(30)")email = ('email', "varchar(30)")password = ('password', "varchar(30)")...省略...u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
u.save()
# 对应如下sql语句
# insert into User (username,email,password,uid)
# values ('Michael','test@orm.org','my-pwd',12345)
说明
- 所谓的ORM就是让开发者在操作数据库的时候，能够像操作对象时通过
xxxx.属性=yyyy一样简单，这是开发ORM的初衷 - 只不过ORM的实现较为复杂，Django中已经实现了 很复杂的操作，本节知识 主要通过完成一个 insert相类似的ORM，理解其中的道理就就可以了
2. 通过元类简单实现ORM中的insert功能
class ModelMetaclass(type):def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):mappings = dict()# 判断是否需要保存for k, v in attrs.items():# 判断是否是指定的StringField或者IntegerField的实例对象if isinstance(v, tuple):print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))mappings[k] = v# 删除这些已经在字典中存储的属性for k in mappings.keys():attrs.pop(k)# 将之前的uid/name/email/password以及对应的对象引用、类名字attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)class User(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")name = ('username', "varchar(30)")email = ('email', "varchar(30)")password = ('password', "varchar(30)")# 当指定元类之后，以上的类属性将不在类中，而是在__mappings__属性指定的字典中存储# 以上User类中有 # __mappings__ = {# "uid": ('uid', "int unsigned")# "name": ('username', "varchar(30)")# "email": ('email', "varchar(30)")# "password": ('password', "varchar(30)")# }# __table__ = "User"def __init__(self, **kwargs):for name, value in kwargs.items():setattr(self, name, value)def save(self):fields = []args = []for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():fields.append(v[0])args.append(getattr(self, k, None))sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join([str(i) for i in args]))print('SQL: %s' % sql)u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
# print(u.__dict__)
u.save()
执行的效果:（sql语句中缺少单引号）
Found mapping: password ==> ('password', 'varchar(30)')
Found mapping: email ==> ('email', 'varchar(30)')
Found mapping: uid ==> ('uid', 'int unsigned')
Found mapping: name ==> ('username', 'varchar(30)')
SQL: insert into User (uid,password,username,email) values (12345,my-pwd,Michael,test@orm.org)
3. 完善对数据类型的检测
class ModelMetaclass(type):def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):mappings = dict()# 判断是否需要保存for k, v in attrs.items():# 判断是否是指定的StringField或者IntegerField的实例对象if isinstance(v, tuple):print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))mappings[k] = v# 删除这些已经在字典中存储的属性for k in mappings.keys():attrs.pop(k)# 将之前的uid/name/email/password以及对应的对象引用、类名字attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)class User(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")name = ('username', "varchar(30)")email = ('email', "varchar(30)")password = ('password', "varchar(30)")# 当指定元类之后，以上的类属性将不在类中，而是在__mappings__属性指定的字典中存储# 以上User类中有 # __mappings__ = {# "uid": ('uid', "int unsigned")# "name": ('username', "varchar(30)")# "email": ('email', "varchar(30)")# "password": ('password', "varchar(30)")# }# __table__ = "User"def __init__(self, **kwargs):for name, value in kwargs.items():setattr(self, name, value)def save(self):fields = []args = []for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():fields.append(v[0])args.append(getattr(self, k, None))args_temp = list()for temp in args:# 判断入如果是数字类型if isinstance(temp, int):args_temp.append(str(temp))elif isinstance(temp, str):args_temp.append("""'%s'""" % temp)sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(args_temp))print('SQL: %s' % sql)u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
# print(u.__dict__)
u.save()
运行效果如下:
Found mapping: uid ==> ('uid', 'int unsigned')
Found mapping: password ==> ('password', 'varchar(30)')
Found mapping: name ==> ('username', 'varchar(30)')
Found mapping: email ==> ('email', 'varchar(30)')
SQL: insert into User (email,uid,password,username) values ('test@orm.org',12345,'my-pwd','Michael')
4. 抽取到基类中
class ModelMetaclass(type):def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):mappings = dict()# 判断是否需要保存for k, v in attrs.items():# 判断是否是指定的StringField或者IntegerField的实例对象if isinstance(v, tuple):print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))mappings[k] = v# 删除这些已经在字典中存储的属性for k in mappings.keys():attrs.pop(k)# 将之前的uid/name/email/password以及对应的对象引用、类名字attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)class Model(object, metaclass=ModelMetaclass):def __init__(self, **kwargs):for name, value in kwargs.items():setattr(self, name, value)def save(self):fields = []args = []for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():fields.append(v[0])args.append(getattr(self, k, None))args_temp = list()for temp in args:# 判断入如果是数字类型if isinstance(temp, int):args_temp.append(str(temp))elif isinstance(temp, str):args_temp.append("""'%s'""" % temp)sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(args_temp))print('SQL: %s' % sql)class User(Model):uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")name = ('username', "varchar(30)")email = ('email', "varchar(30)")password = ('password', "varchar(30)")u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
# print(u.__dict__)
u.save()
