文章目录
- 一. 前言
- 二. JSON
- 三. json.loads()
- 四. json.dumps()
- 五. json.dump()
- 六. json.load()
- 七. JsonPath
- 八. JsonPath与XPath语法对比
- 九. 案例分析
一. 前言
JSON(JavaScript Object Notation) 是一种轻量级的数据交换格式，它使得人们很容易的进行阅读和编写。同时也方便了机器进行解析和生成。适用于进行数据交互的场景，比如网站前台与后台之间的数据交互。
JSON和XML的比较可谓不相上下。
Python 2.7中自带了JSON模块，直接import json就可以使用了。
官方文档：http://docs.python.org/library/json.html
Json在线解析网站：http://www.json.cn/#
二. JSON
json简单说就是javascript中的对象和数组，所以这两种结构就是对象和数组两种结构，通过这两种结构可以表示各种复杂的结构
对象：对象在js中表示为{ }括起来的内容，数据结构为 { key：value, key：value, … }的键值对的结构，在面向对象的语言中，key为对象的属性，value为对应的属性值，所以很容易理解，取值方法为 对象.key 获取属性值，这个属性值的类型可以是数字、字符串、数组、对象这几种。
数组：数组在js中是中括号[ ]括起来的内容，数据结构为 [“Python”, “javascript”, “C++”, …]，取值方式和所有语言中一样，使用索引获取，字段值的类型可以是 数字、字符串、数组、对象几种。
json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换。
三. json.loads()
把Json格式字符串解码转换成Python对象 从json到python的类型转化对照如下：、
import jsonstrList = '[1, 2, 3, 4]'strDict = '{"city": "北京", "name": "大猫"}'json.loads(strList)
# [1, 2, 3, 4]json.loads(strDict) # json数据自动按Unicode存储
# {u'city': u'\u5317\u4eac', u'name': u'\u5927\u732b'}
四. json.dumps()
实现python类型转化为json字符串，返回一个str对象 把一个Python对象编码转换成Json字符串
从python原始类型向json类型的转化对照如下：
import json
import chardetlistStr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
tupleStr = (1, 2, 3, 4)
dictStr = {"city": "北京", "name": "大猫"}json.dumps(listStr)
# '[1, 2, 3, 4]'
json.dumps(tupleStr)
# '[1, 2, 3, 4]'# 注意：json.dumps() 序列化时默认使用的ascii编码
# 添加参数 ensure_ascii=False 禁用ascii编码，按utf-8编码
# chardet.detect()返回字典, 其中confidence是检测精确度json.dumps(dictStr)
# '{"city": "\\u5317\\u4eac", "name": "\\u5927\\u5218"}'chardet.detect(json.dumps(dictStr))
# {'confidence': 1.0, 'encoding': 'ascii'}print json.dumps(dictStr, ensure_ascii=False)
# {"city": "北京", "name": "大刘"}chardet.detect(json.dumps(dictStr, ensure_ascii=False))
# {'confidence': 0.99, 'encoding': 'utf-8'}
chardet是一个非常优秀的编码识别模块，可通过pip安装
五. json.dump()
将Python内置类型序列化为json对象后写入文件
import jsonlistStr = [{"city": "北京"}, {"name": "大刘"}]
json.dump(listStr, open("listStr.json","w"), ensure_ascii=False)dictStr = {"city": "北京", "name": "大刘"}
json.dump(dictStr, open("dictStr.json","w"), ensure_ascii=False)
六. json.load()
读取文件中json形式的字符串元素 转化成python类型
import jsonstrList = json.load(open("listStr.json"))
print strList# [{u'city': u'\u5317\u4eac'}, {u'name': u'\u5927\u5218'}]strDict = json.load(open("dictStr.json"))
print strDict
# {u'city': u'\u5317\u4eac', u'name': u'\u5927\u5218'}
七. JsonPath
JsonPath 是一种信息抽取类库，是从JSON文档中抽取指定信息的工具，提供多种语言实现版本，包括：Javascript, Python， PHP 和 Java。
JsonPath 对于 JSON 来说，相当于 XPATH 对于 XML。
下载地址：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpath
安装方法：点击Download URL链接下载jsonpath，解压之后执行python setup.py install
官方文档：http://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath
八. JsonPath与XPath语法对比
Json结构清晰，可读性高，复杂度低，非常容易匹配，下表中对应了XPath的用法。
九. 案例分析
以拉勾网城市JSON文件 http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json 为例，获取所有城市。
# 以拉勾网城市JSON文件 http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json 为例，获取所有城市。import requests
import jsonpath
import json
import chardetimport urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)url = 'http://www.lagou.com/lbs/getAllCitySearchLabels.json'
headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.99 Safari/537.36"}
response = requests.get(url,verify=False,headers = headers)
html = response.textprint('------------1.json格式，类型为str-----------')
print(html)
print (type(html))# 把json格式字符串转换成python对象
jsonobj = json.loads(html)
print('------------2.python对象-----------')
print(jsonobj)
print(type(jsonobj))# 从根节点开始，匹配name节点
citylist = jsonpath.jsonpath(jsonobj,'$..name')
print('------------3.提取name-----------')
print (citylist)
print (type(citylist))content = json.dumps(citylist, ensure_ascii=False)
print('------------4.json格式，类型为str-----------')
print (content)
print (type(content))fp = open('city.json','wb')
fp.write(content.encode('utf-8'))
fp.close()
输出结果：
------------1.json格式，类型为str-----------
{"state":1,"message":"success","content":{"data":{"allCitySearchLabels":{"A":[{"id":723,"name":"安阳","parentId":545,"code":"171500000","isSelected":false},{"id":601,"name":"鞍山","parentId":535,"code":"081600000","isSelected":false},{"id":105795,"name":"澳门特别行政区","parentId":562,"code":"330100000","isSelected":false},{"id":671,"name":"安庆","parentId":541,"code":"131800000","isSelected":false},{"id":825,"name":"安顺","parentId":553,"code":"240400000","isSelected":false},{"id":903,"name":"阿勒泰","parentId":560,"code":"310400000","isSelected":false},{"id":897,"name":"阿克苏","parentId":560,"code":"311800000","isSelected":false},{"id":862,"name":"安康","parentId":556,"code":"270400000","isSelected":false},{"id":819,"name":"阿坝藏族羌族自治州","parentId":552,"code":"230700000","isSelected":false},{"id":598,"name":"阿拉善盟","parentId":534,"code":"070300000","isSelected":false}],"B":[{"id":5,"name":"北京","parentId":1,"code":"010100000","isSelected":false},{"id":570,"name":"保定","parentId":532,"code":"051100000","isSelected":false},{"id":666,"name":"蚌埠","parentId":541,"code":"131300000","isSelected":false},{"id":588,"name":"包头","parentId":534,"code":"071300000","isSelected":false},{"id":717,"name":"滨州","parentId":544,"code":"161400000","isSelected":false},{"id":856,"name":"宝鸡","parentId":556,"code":"271000000","isSelected":false},{"id":678,"name":"亳州","parentId":541,"code":"130500000","isSelected":false},{"id":789,"name":"北海","parentId":549,"code":"211000000","isSelected":false},{"id":794,"name":"百色","parentId":549,"code":"210500000","isSelected":false},{"id":817,"name":"巴中","parentId":552,"code":"230500000","isSelected":false},{"id":828,"name":"毕节","parentId":553,"code":"240700000","isSelected":false},{"id":603,"name":"本溪","parentId":535,"code":"081400000","isSelected":false},{"id":896,"name":"巴音郭楞","parentId":560,"code":"311700000","isSelected":false},{"id":834,"name":"保山","parentId":554,"code":"251400000","isSelected":false},{"id":597,"name":"巴彦淖尔","parentId":534,"code":"070400000","isSelected":false},{"id":895,"name":"博尔塔拉","parentId":560,"code":"311600000","isSelected":false},{"id":620,"name":"白城","parentId":536,"code":"090400000","isSelected":false},{"id":618,"name":"白山","parentId":536,"code":"090600000","isSelected":false}],"C":[{"id":801,"name":"成都","parentId":552,"code":"230100000","isSelected":false},{"id":749,"name":"长沙","parentId":547,"code":"190100000","isSelected":false},{"id":8,"name":"重庆","parentId":4,"code":"040100000","isSelected":false},{"id":613,"name":"长春","parentId":536,"code":"090100000","isSelected":false},{"id":638,"name":"常州","parentId":539,"code":"112000000","isSelected":false},{"id":573,"name":"沧州","parentId":532,"code":"050800000","isSelected":false},{"id":590,"name":"赤峰","parentId":534,"code":"071100000","isSelected":false},{"id":758,"name":"郴州","parentId":547,"code":"190500000","isSelected":false},{"id":781,"name":"潮州","parentId":548,"code":"200500000","isSelected":false},{"id":755,"name":"常德","parentId":547,"code":"190800000","isSelected":false},{"id":673,"name":"滁州","parentId":541,"code":"131100000","isSelected":false},{"id":611,"name":"朝阳","parentId":535,"code":"080600000","isSelected":false},{"id":572,"name":"承德","parentId":532,"code":"050900000","isSelected":false},{"id":679,"name":"池州","parentId":541,"code":"130600000","isSelected":false},{"id":836,"name":"楚雄","parentId":554,"code":"251200000","isSelected":false},{"id":894,"name":"昌吉","parentId":560,"code":"311500000","isSelected":false},{"id":905,"name":"崇左","parentId":549,"code":"211400000","isSelected":false}],"D":[{"id":779,"name":"东莞","parentId":548,"code":"200300000","isSelected":false},{"id":600,"name":"大连","parentId":535,"code":"081700000","isSelected":false},{"id":715,"name":"德州","parentId":544,"code":"161600000","isSelected":false},{"id":627,"name":"大庆","parentId":537,"code":"101300000","isSelected":false},{"id":805,"name":"德阳","parentId":552,"code":"231700000","isSelected":false},{"id":706,"name":"东营","parentId":544,"code":"162000000","isSelected":false},{"id":577,"name":"大同","parentId":533,"code":"061200000","isSelected":false},{"id":815,"name":"达州","parentId":552,"code":"230300000","isSelected":false},{"id":841,"name":"大理","parentId":554,"code":"250700000","isSelected":false},{"id":604,"name":"丹东","parentId":535,"code":"081300000","isSelected":false},{"id":874,"name":"定西","parentId":557,"code":"280400000","isSelected":false},{"id":842,"name":"德宏","parentId":554,"code":"250600000","isSelected":false},{"id":107620,"name":"儋州","parentId":550,"code":"220201000","isSelected":false},{"id":845,"name":"迪庆","parentId":554,"code":"250300000","isSelected":false}],"E":[{"id":741,"name":"鄂州","parentId":546,"code":"181600000","isSelected":false},{"id":748,"name":"恩施","parentId":546,"code":"180300000","isSelected":false},{"id":592,"name":"鄂尔多斯","parentId":534,"code":"070900000","isSelected":false}],"F":[{"id":768,"name":"佛山","parentId":548,"code":"202000000","isSelected":false},{"id":681,"name":"福州","parentId":542,"code":"140100000","isSelected":false},{"id":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<class 'dict'>
------------3.提取name-----------
['安阳', '鞍山', '澳门特别行政区', '安庆', '安顺', '阿勒泰', '阿克苏', '安康', '阿坝藏族羌族自治州', '阿拉善盟', '北京', '保定', '蚌埠', '包头', '滨州', '宝鸡', '亳州', '北海', '百色', '巴中', '毕节', '本溪', '巴音郭楞', '保山', '巴彦淖尔', '博尔塔拉', '白城', '白山', '成都', '长沙', '重庆', '长春', '常州', '沧州', '赤峰', '郴州', '潮州', '常德', '滁州', '朝阳', '承德', '池州', '楚雄', '昌吉', '崇左', '东莞', '大连', '德州', '大庆', '德阳', '东营', '大同', '达州', '大理', '丹东', '定西', '德宏', '儋州', '迪庆', '鄂州', '恩施', '鄂尔多斯', '佛山', '福州', '阜阳', '抚州', '抚顺', '阜新', '防城港', '广州', '贵阳', '桂林', '赣州', '广元', '贵港', '广安', '固原', '甘孜藏族自治州', '杭州', '合肥', '惠州', '哈尔滨', '海口', '呼和浩特', '邯郸', '湖州', '衡阳', '海外', '淮安', '菏泽', '衡水', '河源', '怀化', '黄冈', '黄石', '黄山', '葫芦岛', '淮北', '淮南', '呼伦贝尔', '汉中', '贺州', '红河', '河池', '鹤壁', '海东', '鹤岗', '哈密', '济南', '金华', '嘉兴', '江门', '济宁', '晋中', '吉林', '九江', '揭阳', '荆州', '焦作', '锦州', '荆门', '吉安', '景德镇', '晋城', '佳木斯', '酒泉', '济源', '金昌', '昆明', '开封', '克拉玛依', '喀什', '兰州', '临沂', '廊坊', '洛阳', '柳州', '六安', '聊城', '连云港', '吕梁', '泸州', '拉萨', '丽水', '乐山', '龙岩', '漯河', '临汾', '六盘水', '凉山彝族自治州', '丽江', '娄底', '莱芜', '辽源', '陇南', '临夏', '来宾', '绵阳', '茂名', '马鞍山', '梅州', '牡丹江', '眉山', '南京', '宁波', '南昌', '南宁', '南通', '南充', '南阳', '宁德', '内江', '南平', '莆田', '濮阳', '萍乡', '平顶山', '攀枝花', '盘锦', '平凉', '普洱', '青岛', '泉州', '清远', '秦皇岛', '曲靖', '衢州', '齐齐哈尔', '黔西南', '黔南', '黔东南', '钦州', '庆阳', '七台河', '日照', '深圳', '上海', '苏州', '沈阳', '石家庄', '绍兴', '汕头', '宿迁', '商丘', '三亚', '上饶', '宿州', '邵阳', '十堰', '遂宁', '韶关', '三门峡', '三明', '汕尾', '随州', '三沙', '石嘴山', '绥化', '四平', '松原', '朔州', '商洛', '天津', '太原', '唐山', '台州', '泰安', '泰州', '天水', '通辽', '铜陵', '台湾', '铜仁', '铜川', '铁岭', '塔城', '天门', '通化', '武汉', '无锡', '温州', '潍坊', '乌鲁木齐', '芜湖', '威海', '渭南', '梧州', '吴忠', '乌兰察布', '文山', '乌海', '西安', '厦门', '徐州', '新乡', '西宁', '咸阳', '许昌', '邢台', '孝感', '襄阳', '香港特别行政区', '信阳', '湘潭', '咸宁', '忻州', '宣城', '西双版纳', '湘西土家族苗族自治州', '新余', '兴安盟', '烟台', '扬州', '银川', '盐城', '宜昌', '岳阳', '宜春', '阳江', '玉林', '玉溪', '益阳', '宜宾', '运城', '榆林', '云浮', '永州', '营口', '延安', '鹰潭', '延边', '伊犁', '阳泉', '雅安', '郑州', '珠海', '中山', '淄博', '株洲', '遵义', '湛江', '肇庆', '镇江', '张家口', '周口', '漳州', '驻马店', '枣庄', '长治', '舟山', '昭通', '资阳', '张掖', '自贡', '中卫', '张家界']
<class 'list'>
------------4.json格式，类型为str-----------
["安阳", "鞍山", "澳门特别行政区", "安庆", "安顺", "阿勒泰", "阿克苏", "安康", "阿坝藏族羌族自治州", "阿拉善盟", "北京", "保定", "蚌埠", "包头", "滨州", "宝鸡", "亳州", "北海", "百色", "巴中", "毕节", "本溪", "巴音郭楞", "保山", "巴彦淖尔", "博尔塔拉", "白城", "白山", "成都", "长沙", "重庆", "长春", "常州", "沧州", "赤峰", "郴州", "潮州", "常德", "滁州", "朝阳", "承德", "池州", "楚雄", "昌吉", "崇左", "东莞", "大连", "德州", "大庆", "德阳", "东营", "大同", "达州", "大理", "丹东", "定西", "德宏", "儋州", "迪庆", "鄂州", "恩施", "鄂尔多斯", "佛山", "福州", "阜阳", "抚州", "抚顺", "阜新", "防城港", "广州", "贵阳", "桂林", "赣州", "广元", "贵港", "广安", "固原", "甘孜藏族自治州", "杭州", "合肥", "惠州", "哈尔滨", "海口", "呼和浩特", "邯郸", "湖州", "衡阳", "海外", "淮安", "菏泽", "衡水", "河源", "怀化", "黄冈", "黄石", "黄山", "葫芦岛", "淮北", "淮南", "呼伦贝尔", "汉中", "贺州", "红河", "河池", "鹤壁", "海东", "鹤岗", "哈密", "济南", "金华", "嘉兴", "江门", "济宁", "晋中", "吉林", "九江", "揭阳", "荆州", "焦作", "锦州", "荆门", "吉安", "景德镇", "晋城", "佳木斯", "酒泉", "济源", "金昌", "昆明", "开封", "克拉玛依", "喀什", "兰州", "临沂", "廊坊", "洛阳", "柳州", "六安", "聊城", "连云港", "吕梁", "泸州", "拉萨", "丽水", "乐山", "龙岩", "漯河", "临汾", "六盘水", "凉山彝族自治州", "丽江", "娄底", "莱芜", "辽源", "陇南", "临夏", "来宾", "绵阳", "茂名", "马鞍山", "梅州", "牡丹江", "眉山", "南京", "宁波", "南昌", "南宁", "南通", "南充", "南阳", "宁德", "内江", "南平", "莆田", "濮阳", "萍乡", "平顶山", "攀枝花", "盘锦", "平凉", "普洱", "青岛", "泉州", "清远", "秦皇岛", "曲靖", "衢州", "齐齐哈尔", "黔西南", "黔南", "黔东南", "钦州", "庆阳", "七台河", "日照", "深圳", "上海", "苏州", "沈阳", "石家庄", "绍兴", "汕头", "宿迁", "商丘", "三亚", "上饶", "宿州", "邵阳", "十堰", "遂宁", "韶关", "三门峡", "三明", "汕尾", "随州", "三沙", "石嘴山", "绥化", "四平", "松原", "朔州", "商洛", "天津", "太原", "唐山", "台州", "泰安", "泰州", "天水", "通辽", "铜陵", "台湾", "铜仁", "铜川", "铁岭", "塔城", "天门", "通化", "武汉", "无锡", "温州", "潍坊", "乌鲁木齐", "芜湖", "威海", "渭南", "梧州", "吴忠", "乌兰察布", "文山", "乌海", "西安", "厦门", "徐州", "新乡", "西宁", "咸阳", "许昌", "邢台", "孝感", "襄阳", "香港特别行政区", "信阳", "湘潭", "咸宁", "忻州", "宣城", "西双版纳", "湘西土家族苗族自治州", "新余", "兴安盟", "烟台", "扬州", "银川", "盐城", "宜昌", "岳阳", "宜春", "阳江", "玉林", "玉溪", "益阳", "宜宾", "运城", "榆林", "云浮", "永州", "营口", "延安", "鹰潭", "延边", "伊犁", "阳泉", "雅安", "郑州", "珠海", "中山", "淄博", "株洲", "遵义", "湛江", "肇庆", "镇江", "张家口", "周口", "漳州", "驻马店", "枣庄", "长治", "舟山", "昭通", "资阳", "张掖", "自贡", "中卫", "张家界"]
<class 'str'>
