分支
首先,我们创建dev
分支,然后切换到dev
分支:
$ git checkout -b dev
Switched to a new branch 'dev'
git checkout
命令加上-b
参数表示创建并切换,相当于以下两条命令:
$ git branch dev
$ git checkout dev
Switched to branch 'dev'
然后,用git branch
命令查看当前分支:
$ git branch
* devmaster
git branch
命令会列出所有分支,当前分支前面会标一个*
号。
然后,我们就可以在dev
分支上正常提交,比如对readme.txt
做个修改,加上一行:
Creating a new branch is quick.
然后提交:
$ git add readme.txt
$ git commit -m "branch test"
[dev b17d20e] branch test1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
现在,dev
分支的工作完成,我们就可以切换回master
分支:
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
切换回master
分支后,再查看一个readme.txt
文件,刚才添加的内容不见了!因为那个提交是在dev
分支上,而master
分支此刻的提交点并没有变:
现在,我们把dev
分支的工作成果合并到master
分支上:
$ git merge dev
Updating d46f35e..b17d20e
Fast-forwardreadme.txt | 1 +1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
git merge
命令用于合并指定分支到当前分支。合并后,再查看readme.txt
的内容,就可以看到,和dev
分支的最新提交是完全一样的。
本地分支冲突
准备新的feature1
分支,继续我们的新分支开发:
$ git switch -c feature1
Switched to a new branch 'feature1'
修改readme.txt
最后一行,改为:
Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.
在feature1
分支上提交:
$ git add readme.txt$ git commit -m "AND simple"
[feature1 14096d0] AND simple1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
切换到master
分支:
$ git switch master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
Git还会自动提示我们当前master
分支比远程的master
分支要超前1个提交。
在master
分支上把readme.txt
文件的最后一行改为:
Creating a new branch is quick & simple.
提交:
$ git add readme.txt
$ git commit -m "& simple"
[master 5dc6824] & simple1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
现在,master
分支和feature1
分支各自都分别有新的提交,变成了这样:
这种情况下,Git无法执行“快速合并”,只能试图把各自的修改合并起来,但这种合并就可能会有冲突,我们试试看:
$ git merge feature1
Auto-merging readme.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
Git告诉我们,readme.txt
文件存在冲突,必须手动解决冲突后再提交。git status
也可以告诉我们冲突的文件:
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.(use "git push" to publish your local commits)You have unmerged paths.(fix conflicts and run "git commit")(use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)Unmerged paths:(use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)both modified: readme.txtno changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
我们可以直接查看readme.txt的内容:
Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Git tracks changes of files.
<<<<<<< HEAD
Creating a new branch is quick & simple.
=======
Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.
>>>>>>> feature1
Git用<<<<<<<
,=======
,>>>>>>>
标记出不同分支的内容,我们修改如下后保存:
Creating a new branch is quick and simple.
再提交:
$ git add readme.txt
$ git commit -m "conflict fixed"
[master cf810e4] conflict fixed
github分支
当你从远程仓库克隆时,实际上Git自动把本地的master
分支和远程的master
分支对应起来了,并且,远程仓库的默认名称是origin
。要查看远程库的信息,用git remote
:
$ git remote
origin
或者,用git remote -v
显示更详细的信息:
$ git remote -v
origin git@github.com:yourname/learngit.git (fetch)
origin git@github.com:yourname/learngit.git (push)
上面显示了可以抓取和推送的origin
的地址。如果没有推送权限,就看不到push的地址。
推送分支
推送分支,就是把该分支上的所有本地提交推送到远程库。推送时,要指定本地分支,这样,Git就会把该分支推送到远程库对应的远程分支上:
$ git push origin master
如果要推送其他分支,比如dev
,就改成:
$ git push origin dev
但是,并不是一定要把本地分支往远程推送,那么,哪些分支需要推送,哪些不需要呢?
-
master
分支是主分支,因此要时刻与远程同步; -
dev
分支是开发分支,团队所有成员都需要在上面工作,所以也需要与远程同步; -
bug分支只用于在本地修复bug,就没必要推到远程了,除非老板要看看你每周到底修复了几个bug;
-
feature分支是否推到远程,取决于你是否和你的小伙伴合作在上面开发。
多人分支冲突
多人协作的工作模式通常是这样:
-
首先,可以试图用
git push origin <branch-name>
推送自己的修改; -
如果推送失败,则因为远程分支比你的本地更新,需要先用
git pull
试图合并; -
如果合并有冲突,则解决冲突,并在本地提交;
-
没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后,再用
git push origin <branch-name>
推送就能成功!
如果git pull
提示no tracking information
,则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建,用命令git branch --set-upstream-to <branch-name> origin/<branch-name>
。
实战:
如果你的小伙伴已经向origin/dev
分支推送了他的提交,而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改,并试图推送:
$ git push origin dev
To github.com:yourname/learngit.git! [rejected] dev -> dev (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:yourname/learngit.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g.
hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
推送失败,因为你的小伙伴的最新提交和你试图推送的提交有冲突,解决办法也很简单,Git已经提示我们,先用git pull
把最新的提交从origin/dev
抓下来,然后,在本地合并,解决冲突,再推送:
$ git pull
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
See git-pull(1) for details.git pull <remote> <branch>If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/<branch> dev
git pull
也失败了,原因是没有指定本地dev
分支与远程origin/dev
分支的链接,根据提示,设置dev
和origin/dev
的链接:
$ git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/dev dev
Branch 'dev' set up to track remote branch 'dev' from 'origin'.
再pull:
$ git pull
Auto-merging env.txt
CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in env.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.