ldc.i4.0 将整数值 0 作为 int32 推送到计算堆栈上
Ceq 比较两个值。如果这两个值相等,则将整数值 1 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上;否则,将 0 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上。
Brtrue.s 如果 value 为 true、非空或非零,则将控制转移到目标指令(短格式)。
Brfalse.S 如果 value 为 false、空引用或零,则将控制转移到目标指令。
Callvirt 对对象调用后期绑定方法,并且将返回值推送到计算堆栈上。
Ldsfld 将静态字段的值推送到计算堆栈上。
源代码
一、在.NET有几种判断string是否为空的方法,也有两种判断值是否相等的方法。下面我们来看看:
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//判断字符串是否为空
string str1 = "MyWord";
if (str1 == "")
;
if (str1 == string.Empty)
;
if (str1 != null && str1.Length== 0)
;
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1))
;
}
{
.entrypoint
// 代码大小 85 (0x55)
.maxstack 2
//声明3个参数,分别是str1和bool值
.locals init ([0] string str1,
[1] bool CS$4$0000)
IL_0000: nop
//推送对元数据中存储的"MyWord"字符串的新对象引用
IL_0001: ldstr "MyWord"
//将"MyWord"压栈到参数0
IL_0006: stloc.0
//将"MyWord"从参数0处加载到计算堆栈上
IL_0007: ldloc.0
//推送对元数据中存储的""字符串的新对象引用
IL_0008: ldstr ""
//通过System.String::op_Equality函数判断是否相等
IL_000d: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
string)
//将整数值 0 作为 int32 推送到计算堆栈上
IL_0012: ldc.i4.0
//ceq比较两个值。如果这两个值相等,则将整数值 1 (int32)推送到计算堆栈上;
//否则,将 0 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上。
IL_0013: ceq
//将true或者false的bool值弹出栈存到参数1去
IL_0015: stloc.1
//从参数1中加载数据到计算堆栈上去
IL_0016: ldloc.1
//如果 value 为 true、非空或非零,则将控制转移到目标指令(短格式)。
//也就是if判断中如果结果为true的话,则运行内部代码
IL_0017: brtrue.s IL_0019
IL_0019: ldloc.0
//Ldsfld 将静态字段的值推送到计算堆栈上。
IL_001a: ldsfld string [mscorlib]System.String::Empty
IL_001f: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
string)
IL_0024: ldc.i4.0
IL_0025: ceq
IL_0027: stloc.1
IL_0028: ldloc.1
IL_0029: brtrue.s IL_002b
IL_002b: ldloc.0
//对象调用后期绑定方法,并且将返回值推送到计算堆栈上。<==> str1!=null
IL_002c: brfalse.s IL_003c
IL_002e: ldloc.0
//调用系统函数获取长度
IL_002f: callvirt instance int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()
IL_0034: ldc.i4.0
IL_0035: ceq
IL_0037: ldc.i4.0
IL_0038: ceq
IL_003a: br.s IL_003d
IL_003c: ldc.i4.1
IL_003d: stloc.1
IL_003e: ldloc.1
IL_003f: brtrue.s IL_0041
IL_0041: ldloc.0
//直接调用系统System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数比对
IL_0042: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)
IL_0047: ldc.i4.0
IL_0048: ceq
IL_004a: stloc.1
IL_004b: ldloc.1
IL_004c: brtrue.s IL_004e
} // end of method Program::Main
4种方法的CIL分析
A.if (str1 == ""),在这里我们需要新构造一个""空字符,然后再调用System.String::op_Equality(string,string)函数对str1和空字符进行对比。
//将"MyWord"从参数0处加载到计算堆栈上
IL_0007: ldloc.0
//推送对元数据中存储的""字符串的新对象引用
IL_0008: ldstr ""
//通过System.String::op_Equality函数判断是否相等
IL_000d: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
string)
//将整数值 0 作为 int32 推送到计算堆栈上
IL_0012: ldc.i4.0
//ceq比较两个值。如果这两个值相等,则将整数值 1 (int32)推送到计算堆栈上;
//否则,将 0 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上。
IL_0013: ceq
//将true或者false的bool值弹出栈存到参数1去
IL_0015: stloc.1
//从参数1中加载数据到计算堆栈上去
IL_0016: ldloc.1
//如果 value 为 true、非空或非零,则将控制转移到目标指令(短格式)。
//也就是if判断中如果结果为true的话,则运行内部代码
IL_0017: brtrue.s IL_0019
IL_0019: ldloc.0
//Ldsfld 将静态字段的值推送到计算堆栈上。
IL_001a: ldsfld string [mscorlib]System.String::Empty
IL_001f: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
string)
IL_0024: ldc.i4.0
IL_0025: ceq
IL_0027: stloc.1
IL_0028: ldloc.1
IL_0029: brtrue.s IL_002b
IL_002b: ldloc.0
//对象调用后期绑定方法,并且将返回值推送到计算堆栈上。<==> str1!=null
IL_002c: brfalse.s IL_003c
IL_002e: ldloc.0
//调用系统函数获取长度
IL_002f: callvirt instance int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()
IL_0034: ldc.i4.0
IL_0035: ceq
IL_0037: ldc.i4.0
IL_0038: ceq
IL_003a: br.s IL_003d
IL_003c: ldc.i4.1
IL_003d: stloc.1
IL_003e: ldloc.1
IL_003f: brtrue.s IL_0041
D.if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1)),这种方式直接调用系统的System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数直接比对出结果。
IL_0041: ldloc.0
//直接调用系统System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数比对
IL_0042: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)
IL_0047: ldc.i4.0
IL_0048: ceq
IL_004a: stloc.1
IL_004b: ldloc.1
IL_004c: brtrue.s IL_004e
性能分析
下面我们通过using System.Diagnostics;命名空间下的Stopwatch对象来计算这4种调用方式所消耗的大概时间。
请看cs代码如下:
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//判断字符串是否为空
string str1 = "MyWord";
//第一种方法耗时计算
Stopwatch sw1 = new Stopwatch();
sw1.Start();
if (str1 == "")
;
sw1.Stop();
//第二种方法耗时计算
Stopwatch sw2 = new Stopwatch();
sw2.Start();
if (str1 == string.Empty)
;
sw2.Stop();
//第三种方法耗时计算
Stopwatch sw3 = new Stopwatch();
sw3.Start();
if (str1!=null&&str1.Length == 0)
;
sw3.Stop();
//第四种方法耗时计算
Stopwatch sw4 = new Stopwatch();
sw4.Start();
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1))
;
sw4.Stop();
Console.WriteLine(@"if (str1 == "")的判断时间是:" + sw1.Elapsed);
Console.WriteLine(@"if (str1 == string.Empty)的判断时间是:" + sw2.Elapsed);
Console.WriteLine(@"if (str1!=null&&str1.Length == 0)的判断时间是:" + sw3.Elapsed);
Console.WriteLine(@"if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1)) 的判断时间是:" + sw4.Elapsed);
Console.ReadLine();
}
然后我们需要看看结果如何,为了提高精确度,我们运行多次结果,然后就知道哪种方式的效率最高。
下面我们来看在我的电脑上的运行时间情况如下面的图所示:
然后我将这段代码发我一个朋友那里得到的运行情况如下图所示:
鉴于时间跨度太小,以及各种运行环境的不同,还有其他一些原因,对于结果和答案都有有所影响,所以上面的运行结果仅做参考。大家也可以将这段测试代码在自己的电脑上运行一下,看看究竟结果如何?
思考:这4种方法的效率究竟谁高谁低?应该如何排序?为什么形成这样的差异?
扩展阅读:
I.1第一种方法和第二种方法都会使用到一个System.String::op_Equality(string,string)方法,这个方法的CIL代码我们使用ILDASM查看mscorlib.dll文件即可:
bool op_Equality(string a,
string b) cil managed
{
// 代码大小 8 (0x8)
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: ldarg.1
IL_0002: call bool System.String::Equals(string,
string)
IL_0007: ret
} // end of method String::op_Equality
I.2上面这段IL代码内部调用了bool System.String::Equals(string,string)方法,这个方法的CIL代码如下:
string b) cil managed
{
// 代码大小 22 (0x16)
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: ldarg.1
IL_0002: bne.un.s IL_0006
IL_0004: ldc.i4.1
IL_0005: ret
IL_0006: ldarg.0
IL_0007: brfalse.s IL_000c
IL_0009: ldarg.1
IL_000a: brtrue.s IL_000e
IL_000c: ldc.i4.0
IL_000d: ret
IL_000e: ldarg.0
IL_000f: ldarg.1
IL_0010: call bool System.String::EqualsHelper(string,
string)
IL_0015: ret
} // end of method String::Equals
I.3上面这段IL代码内部调用了bool System.String::EqualsHelper(string, string) 方法,这个方法的CIL代码如下,其内部调用了多次int32 System.String::get_Length()函数:
string strB) cil managed
{
.custom instance void System.Security.SecuritySafeCriticalAttribute::.ctor() = ( 01 00 00 00 )
.custom instance void System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.ReliabilityContractAttribute::.ctor(valuetype System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.Consistency,
valuetype System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.Cer) = ( 01 00 03 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 )
// 代码大小 199 (0xc7)
.maxstack 3
.locals init (int32 V_0,
char& pinned V_1,
char& pinned V_2,
char* V_3,
char* V_4,
bool V_5)
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: callvirt instance int32 System.String::get_Length()
IL_0006: stloc.0
IL_0007: ldloc.0
IL_0008: ldarg.1
IL_0009: callvirt instance int32 System.String::get_Length()
IL_000e: beq.s IL_0012
IL_0010: ldc.i4.0
IL_0011: ret
IL_0012: ldarg.0
IL_0013: ldflda char System.String::m_firstChar
IL_0018: stloc.1
IL_0019: ldarg.1
IL_001a: ldflda char System.String::m_firstChar
IL_001f: stloc.2
IL_0020: ldloc.1
IL_0021: conv.i
IL_0022: stloc.3
IL_0023: ldloc.2
IL_0024: conv.i
IL_0025: stloc.s V_4
IL_0027: br.s IL_0097
IL_0029: ldloc.3
IL_002a: ldind.i4
IL_002b: ldloc.s V_4
IL_002d: ldind.i4
IL_002e: beq.s IL_0038
IL_0030: ldc.i4.0
IL_0031: stloc.s V_5
IL_0033: leave IL_00c4
IL_0038: ldloc.3
IL_0039: ldc.i4.4
IL_003a: conv.i
IL_003b: add
IL_003c: ldind.i4
IL_003d: ldloc.s V_4
IL_003f: ldc.i4.4
IL_0040: conv.i
IL_0041: add
IL_0042: ldind.i4
IL_0043: beq.s IL_004a
IL_0045: ldc.i4.0
IL_0046: stloc.s V_5
IL_0048: leave.s IL_00c4
IL_004a: ldloc.3
IL_004b: ldc.i4.8
IL_004c: conv.i
IL_004d: add
IL_004e: ldind.i4
IL_004f: ldloc.s V_4
IL_0051: ldc.i4.8
IL_0052: conv.i
IL_0053: add
IL_0054: ldind.i4
IL_0055: beq.s IL_005c
IL_0057: ldc.i4.0
IL_0058: stloc.s V_5
IL_005a: leave.s IL_00c4
IL_005c: ldloc.3
IL_005d: ldc.i4.s 12
IL_005f: conv.i
IL_0060: add
IL_0061: ldind.i4
IL_0062: ldloc.s V_4
IL_0064: ldc.i4.s 12
IL_0066: conv.i
IL_0067: add
IL_0068: ldind.i4
IL_0069: beq.s IL_0070
IL_006b: ldc.i4.0
IL_006c: stloc.s V_5
IL_006e: leave.s IL_00c4
IL_0070: ldloc.3
IL_0071: ldc.i4.s 16
IL_0073: conv.i
IL_0074: add
IL_0075: ldind.i4
IL_0076: ldloc.s V_4
IL_0078: ldc.i4.s 16
IL_007a: conv.i
IL_007b: add
IL_007c: ldind.i4
IL_007d: beq.s IL_0084
IL_007f: ldc.i4.0
IL_0080: stloc.s V_5
IL_0082: leave.s IL_00c4
IL_0084: ldloc.3
IL_0085: ldc.i4.s 20
IL_0087: conv.i
IL_0088: add
IL_0089: stloc.3
IL_008a: ldloc.s V_4
IL_008c: ldc.i4.s 20
IL_008e: conv.i
IL_008f: add
IL_0090: stloc.s V_4
IL_0092: ldloc.0
IL_0093: ldc.i4.s 10
IL_0095: sub
IL_0096: stloc.0
IL_0097: ldloc.0
IL_0098: ldc.i4.s 10
IL_009a: bge.s IL_0029
IL_009c: br.s IL_00b5
IL_009e: ldloc.3
IL_009f: ldind.i4
IL_00a0: ldloc.s V_4
IL_00a2: ldind.i4
IL_00a3: bne.un.s IL_00b9
IL_00a5: ldloc.3
IL_00a6: ldc.i4.4
IL_00a7: conv.i
IL_00a8: add
IL_00a9: stloc.3
IL_00aa: ldloc.s V_4
IL_00ac: ldc.i4.4
IL_00ad: conv.i
IL_00ae: add
IL_00af: stloc.s V_4
IL_00b1: ldloc.0
IL_00b2: ldc.i4.2
IL_00b3: sub
IL_00b4: stloc.0
IL_00b5: ldloc.0
IL_00b6: ldc.i4.0
IL_00b7: bgt.s IL_009e
IL_00b9: ldloc.0
IL_00ba: ldc.i4.0
IL_00bb: cgt
IL_00bd: ldc.i4.0
IL_00be: ceq
IL_00c0: stloc.s V_5
IL_00c2: leave.s IL_00c4
IL_00c4: ldloc.s V_5
IL_00c6: ret
} // end of method String::EqualsHelper
II.1在第三种方法的CIL代码中我们调用了一次int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()函数.
III.1在第四种方法的CIL代码中调用了一次bool [mscorlib]System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数,此函数的CIL代码如下,它内部调用了一次System.String::get_Length()函数:
{
// 代码大小 15 (0xf)
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: brfalse.s IL_000d
IL_0003: ldarg.0
IL_0004: callvirt instance int32 System.String::get_Length()
IL_0009: ldc.i4.0
IL_000a: ceq
IL_000c: ret
IL_000d: ldc.i4.1
IL_000e: ret
} // end of method String::IsNullOrEmpty