文章目录
- 什么是JDBC
- JDBC使用步骤
- 详解各个对象
- DriverManager
- Connection
- Statement
- ResultSet
- PreparedStatement
- JDBC控制事务
- 操作步骤
- 示例
什么是JDBC
我们知道,数据库有很多种,比如 mysql,Oracle,DB2等等,如果每一种数据库的操作方式都不一样那就会很难受,所以 java 提供了一种规范,让各个数据库厂商按照这个规范去行程一套 jar 包,而 java 代码只需要写同一套代码(JDBC)就可以兼容所有的数据库。
一句话总结:java 期望使用统一的一套 java 代码就可以操作所有的关系型数据库
JDBC使用步骤
- 导入驱动 jar 包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
1.1.复制 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar 到项目的libs目录下
1.2.右键–>Add As Library - 注册驱动
- 获取数据库连接对象 Connection
- 定义sql
- 获取执行sql语句的对象 Statement
- 执行sql,接受返回结果
- 处理结果
- 释放资源
package cn.itcast.jdbc;import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.Statement;/*** JDBC快速入门*/
public class JdbcDemo1 {public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {//1. 导入驱动jar包//2. 注册驱动(可省略)// Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//3. 获取数据库连接对象// Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3", "root", "root");Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//4. 定义sql语句// String sql = "update account set balance = 2000 where id = 1";String sql = "update account set balance = 2000";//5. 获取执行sql的对象 StatementStatement stmt = conn.createStatement();//6. 执行sqlint count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);//7. 处理结果System.out.println(count);//8. 释放资源stmt.close();conn.close();}
}
以上的代码,我们可以看到有几个 sql 相关的对象:
- DriverManager
- Connection
- Statement
- ResultSet
- PreparedStatement
接下来我们详解各个对象
详解各个对象
DriverManager
是驱动管理对象,功能有:
1、注册驱动:告诉程序该使用哪一个数据库驱动 jar
在代码中注册驱动的体现就是这句: Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
,但是为什么这句是注册驱动?
// 通过查看源码发现:在com.mysql.jdbc.Driver类中存在静态代码块
static {try {// 这个才是真正的注册驱动java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());} catch (SQLException E) {throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");}
}
注意:mysql5之后的驱动jar包可以省略注册驱动的步骤。
2、获取数据库连接:
- 方法:
static Connection getConnection(String url, String user, String password)
- 参数:
- url:指定连接的路径
- 语法:
jdbc:mysql://ip地址(域名):端口号/数据库名称
- 例子:
jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3
- 细节:如果连接的是本机mysql服务器,并且mysql服务默认端口是3306,则url可以简写为:jdbc:mysql:///数据库名称
- 语法:
- user:用户名
- password:密码
- url:指定连接的路径
Connection
数据库连接对象,功能:
1. 获取执行sql 的对象* Statement createStatement()* PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql)
2. 管理事务:* 开启事务:setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) :调用该方法设置参数为false,即开启事务* 提交事务:commit() * 回滚事务:rollback()
Statement
执行sql的对象。
功能1:执行sql
- boolean execute(String sql) :可以执行任意的sql (了解即可不常用)
- int executeUpdate(String sql) :执行DML(insert、update、delete)语句、DDL(create,alter、drop)语句。返回值:影响的行数,可以通过这个影响的行数判断DML语句是否执行成功 返回值>0的则执行成功,反之,则失败。
- ResultSet executeQuery(String sql) :执行DQL(select)语句
练习:
- account表 添加一条记录
- account表 修改记录
- account表 删除一条记录
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;/*** account表 添加一条记录 insert 语句*/
public class JDBCDemo2 {public static void main(String[] args) {Statement stmt = null;Connection conn = null;try {//1. 注册驱动Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2. 定义sql// String sql = "update account set balance = 1500 where id = 3";// String sql = "delete from account where id = 3";String sql = "insert into account values(null,'王五',3000)";//3.获取Connection对象conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//4.获取执行sql的对象 Statementstmt = conn.createStatement();//5.执行sqlint count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);//影响的行数//6.处理结果System.out.println(count);if(count > 0){System.out.println("添加成功!");}else{System.out.println("添加失败!");}} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {//stmt.close();//7. 释放资源//避免空指针异常if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}
}
ResultSet
结果集对象,封装查询结果。
-
boolean next(): 游标向下移动一行,判断当前行是否是最后一行末尾(是否有数据),如果是,则返回false,如果不是则返回true
-
getXxx(参数):获取数据
- Xxx:代表数据类型 如: int getInt() , String getString()
- 参数:
- int:代表列的编号,从1开始 如: getString(1)
- String:代表列名称。 如: getDouble(“balance”)
-
注意:
- 使用步骤:
- 游标向下移动一行
- 判断是否有数据
- 获取数据
- 使用步骤:
//循环判断游标是否是最后一行末尾。
while(rs.next()){//获取数据//6.2 获取数据int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);
}
基本使用
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import java.sql.*;/*** 执行DDL语句*/
public class JDBCDemo6 {public static void main(String[] args) {Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;try {//1. 注册驱动Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2.获取连接对象conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//3.定义sqlString sql = "select * from account";//4.获取执行sql对象stmt = conn.createStatement();//5.执行sqlrs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//6.处理结果//6.1 让游标向下移动一行rs.next();//6.2 获取数据int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);//6.1 让游标向下移动一行rs.next();//6.2 获取数据int id2 = rs.getInt(1);String name2 = rs.getString("name");double balance2 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id2 + "---" + name2 + "---" + balance2);//6.1 让游标向下移动一行rs.next();//6.2 获取数据int id3 = rs.getInt(1);String name3 = rs.getString("name");double balance3 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id3 + "---" + name3 + "---" + balance3);} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {//7.释放资源if(rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}}
优化使用
package cn.itcast.jdbc;import java.sql.*;/*** 执行DDL语句*/
public class JDBCDemo7 {public static void main(String[] args) {Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;try {//1. 注册驱动Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2.获取连接对象conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//3.定义sqlString sql = "select * from account";//4.获取执行sql对象stmt = conn.createStatement();//5.执行sqlrs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//6.处理结果//循环判断游标是否是最后一行末尾。while(rs.next()){//获取数据//6.2 获取数据int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}/* //6.1 让游标向下移动一行if(rs.next()){//判断是否有数据//6.2 获取数据int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}//6.1 让游标向下移动一行if(rs.next()){//判断是否有数据//6.2 获取数据int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}//6.1 让游标向下移动一行if(rs.next()){//判断是否有数据//6.2 获取数据int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}//6.1 让游标向下移动一行if(rs.next()){//判断是否有数据//6.2 获取数据int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}*//* //6.1 让游标向下移动一行rs.next();//6.2 获取数据int id2 = rs.getInt(1);String name2 = rs.getString("name");double balance2 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id2 + "---" + name2 + "---" + balance2);//6.1 让游标向下移动一行rs.next();//6.2 获取数据int id3 = rs.getInt(1);String name3 = rs.getString("name");double balance3 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id3 + "---" + name3 + "---" + balance3);*/} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {//7.释放资源if(rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}}
- 练习:
- 定义一个方法,查询emp表的数据将其封装为对象,然后装载集合,返回。
- 定义 Emp 类
- 定义方法
public List<Emp> findAll(){}
- 实现方法
select * from emp
;
- 定义一个方法,查询emp表的数据将其封装为对象,然后装载集合,返回。
简单封装 JDBC utils
package cn.xxx.util;import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Properties;/*** JDBC工具类*/
public class JDBCUtils {private static String url;private static String user;private static String password;private static String driver;/*** 文件的读取,只需要读取一次即可拿到这些值。使用静态代码块*/static{//读取资源文件,获取值。try {//1. 创建Properties集合类。Properties pro = new Properties();//获取src路径下的文件的方式--->ClassLoader 类加载器ClassLoader classLoader = JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader();URL res = classLoader.getResource("jdbc.properties");String path = res.getPath();// System.out.println(path);///D:/IdeaProjects/itcast/out/production/day04_jdbc/jdbc.properties//2. 加载文件// pro.load(new FileReader("D:\\IdeaProjects\\itcast\\day04_jdbc\\src\\jdbc.properties"));pro.load(new FileReader(path));//3. 获取数据,赋值url = pro.getProperty("url");user = pro.getProperty("user");password = pro.getProperty("password");driver = pro.getProperty("driver");//4. 注册驱动Class.forName(driver);} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}/*** 获取连接* @return 连接对象*/public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {return DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);}/*** 释放资源* @param stmt* @param conn*/public static void close(Statement stmt,Connection conn){if( stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if( conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}/*** 释放资源* @param stmt* @param conn*/public static void close(ResultSet rs,Statement stmt, Connection conn){if( rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if( stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if( conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}
package cn.xxx.domain;import java.util.Date;/*** 封装Emp表数据的JavaBean*/
public class Emp {private int id;private String ename;private int job_id;private int mgr;private Date joindate;private double salary;private double bonus;private int dept_id;public int getId() {return id;}public void setId(int id) {this.id = id;}public String getEname() {return ename;}public void setEname(String ename) {this.ename = ename;}public int getJob_id() {return job_id;}public void setJob_id(int job_id) {this.job_id = job_id;}public int getMgr() {return mgr;}public void setMgr(int mgr) {this.mgr = mgr;}public Date getJoindate() {return joindate;}public void setJoindate(Date joindate) {this.joindate = joindate;}public double getSalary() {return salary;}public void setSalary(double salary) {this.salary = salary;}public int getDept_id() {return dept_id;}public void setDept_id(int dept_id) {this.dept_id = dept_id;}public double getBonus() {return bonus;}public void setBonus(double bonus) {this.bonus = bonus;}@Overridepublic String toString() {return "Emp{" +"id=" + id +", ename='" + ename + '\'' +", job_id=" + job_id +", mgr=" + mgr +", joindate=" + joindate +", salary=" + salary +", bonus=" + bonus +", dept_id=" + dept_id +'}';}
}
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.domain.Emp;
import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;/*** * 定义一个方法,查询emp表的数据将其封装为对象,然后装载集合,返回。*/
public class JDBCDemo8 {public static void main(String[] args) {List<Emp> list = new JDBCDemo8().findAll2();System.out.println(list);System.out.println(list.size());}/*** 查询所有emp对象,演示JDBC工具类* @return*/public List<Emp> findAll2(){Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;List<Emp> list = null;try {/* //1.注册驱动Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2.获取连接conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");*/conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//3.定义sqlString sql = "select * from emp";//4.获取执行sql的对象stmt = conn.createStatement();//5.执行sqlrs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//6.遍历结果集,封装对象,装载集合Emp emp = null;list = new ArrayList<Emp>();while(rs.next()){//获取数据int id = rs.getInt("id");String ename = rs.getString("ename");int job_id = rs.getInt("job_id");int mgr = rs.getInt("mgr");Date joindate = rs.getDate("joindate");double salary = rs.getDouble("salary");double bonus = rs.getDouble("bonus");int dept_id = rs.getInt("dept_id");// 创建emp对象,并赋值emp = new Emp();emp.setId(id);emp.setEname(ename);emp.setJob_id(job_id);emp.setMgr(mgr);emp.setJoindate(joindate);emp.setSalary(salary);emp.setBonus(bonus);emp.setDept_id(dept_id);//装载集合list.add(emp);}} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {/*if(rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}*/JDBCUtils.close(rs,stmt,conn);}return list;}}
使用JDBC utils 完成简单的登录
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Scanner;/*** 练习:* * 需求:* 1. 通过键盘录入用户名和密码* 2. 判断用户是否登录成功*/
public class JDBCDemo9 {public static void main(String[] args) {//1.键盘录入,接受用户名和密码Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);System.out.println("请输入用户名:");String username = sc.nextLine();System.out.println("请输入密码:");String password = sc.nextLine();//2.调用方法boolean flag = new JDBCDemo9().login(username, password);//3.判断结果,输出不同语句if(flag){//登录成功System.out.println("登录成功!");}else{System.out.println("用户名或密码错误!");}}/*** 登录方法*/public boolean login(String username ,String password){if(username == null || password == null){return false;}//连接数据库判断是否登录成功Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;//1.获取连接try {conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//2.定义sqlString sql = "select * from user where username = '"+username+"' and password = '"+password+"' ";System.out.println(sql);//3.获取执行sql的对象stmt = conn.createStatement();//4.执行查询rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//5.判断/* if(rs.next()){//如果有下一行,则返回truereturn true;}else{return false;}*/return rs.next();//如果有下一行,则返回true} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {JDBCUtils.close(rs,stmt,conn);}return false;}}
PreparedStatement
执行sql的对象
-
SQL注入问题:在拼接sql时,有一些sql的特殊关键字参与字符串的拼接。会造成安全性问题
1. 输入用户随便,输入密码:a’ or ‘a’ = 'a
2. 最终的sql就是:select * from user where username = ‘fhdsjkf’ and password = ‘a’ or ‘a’ = ‘a’ -
解决sql注入问题:使用PreparedStatement对象来解决,PreparedStatement使用预编译的SQL,也就是参数使用?作为占位符
-
步骤:
- 导入驱动jar包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
- 注册驱动
- 获取数据库连接对象 Connection
- 定义sql
- 注意:sql的参数使用?作为占位符。 如:select * from user where username = ? and password = ?;
- 获取执行sql语句的对象 PreparedStatement Connection.prepareStatement(String sql)
- 给?赋值:
- 方法: setXxx(参数1,参数2)
- 参数1:?的位置编号 从1 开始
- 参数2:?的值
- 方法: setXxx(参数1,参数2)
- 执行sql,接受返回结果,不需要传递sql语句
- 处理结果
- 释放资源
-
注意:后期都会使用PreparedStatement来完成增删改查的所有操作
- 可以防止SQL注入
- 效率更高
重写上面的登录例子
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Scanner;/*** 练习:* * 需求:* 1. 通过键盘录入用户名和密码* 2. 判断用户是否登录成功*/
public class JDBCDemo9 {public static void main(String[] args) {//1.键盘录入,接受用户名和密码Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);System.out.println("请输入用户名:");String username = sc.nextLine();System.out.println("请输入密码:");String password = sc.nextLine();//2.调用方法boolean flag = new JDBCDemo9().login2(username, password);//3.判断结果,输出不同语句if(flag){//登录成功System.out.println("登录成功!");}else{System.out.println("用户名或密码错误!");}}/*** 登录方法,使用PreparedStatement实现*/public boolean login2(String username ,String password){if(username == null || password == null){return false;}//连接数据库判断是否登录成功Connection conn = null;PreparedStatement pstmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;//1.获取连接try {conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//2.定义sqlString sql = "select * from user where username = ? and password = ?";//3.获取执行sql的对象pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);//给?赋值pstmt.setString(1,username);pstmt.setString(2,password);//4.执行查询,不需要传递sqlrs = pstmt.executeQuery();//5.判断/* if(rs.next()){//如果有下一行,则返回truereturn true;}else{return false;}*/return rs.next();//如果有下一行,则返回true} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {JDBCUtils.close(rs,pstmt,conn);}return false;}}
JDBC控制事务
操作步骤
1、开启事务
setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit)
:调用该方法设置参数为false,即开启事务- 在执行sql之前开启事务
2、提交事务
commit()
- 当所有sql都执行完提交事务
3、回滚事务
rollback()
- 在catch中回滚事务
示例
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;/*** 事务操作*/
public class JDBCDemo10 {public static void main(String[] args) {Connection conn = null;PreparedStatement pstmt1 = null;PreparedStatement pstmt2 = null;try {//1.获取连接conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//开启事务conn.setAutoCommit(false);//2.定义sql//2.1 张三 - 500String sql1 = "update account set balance = balance - ? where id = ?";//2.2 李四 + 500String sql2 = "update account set balance = balance + ? where id = ?";//3.获取执行sql对象pstmt1 = conn.prepareStatement(sql1);pstmt2 = conn.prepareStatement(sql2);//4. 设置参数pstmt1.setDouble(1,500);pstmt1.setInt(2,1);pstmt2.setDouble(1,500);pstmt2.setInt(2,2);//5.执行sqlpstmt1.executeUpdate();// 手动制造异常,如果没有开启事务,那么pstmt1执行成功了,pstmt2就没有执行。开启事务后都没有执行int i = 3/0;pstmt2.executeUpdate();//提交事务conn.commit();} catch (Exception e) {//事务回滚try {if(conn != null) {conn.rollback();}} catch (SQLException e1) {e1.printStackTrace();}e.printStackTrace();}finally {JDBCUtils.close(pstmt1,conn);JDBCUtils.close(pstmt2,null);}}}