@Configuration
从Spring3.0,@Configuration用于定义配置类,可替换xml配置文件,被注解的类内部包含有一个或多个被@Bean注解的方法,这些方法将会被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext类进行扫描,并用于构建bean定义,初始化Spring容器。
注意:@Configuration注解的配置类有如下要求:
@Configuration不可以是final类型;
@Configuration不可以是匿名类;
嵌套的configuration必须是静态类。
一、用@Configuration加载spring
1.1、@Configuration配置spring并启动spring容器
1.2、@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean
1.3、@Configuration启动容器+@Component注册Bean
1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注册 AppContext 类的两种方法
1.5、配置Web应用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)
二、组合多个配置类
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必须是静态类)
三、@EnableXXX注解
四、@Profile逻辑组配置
五、使用外部变量
一、@Configuation加载Spring方法
1.1、@Configuration配置spring并启动spring容器
@Configuration标注在类上,相当于把该类作为spring的xml配置文件中的,作用为:配置spring容器(应用上下文)
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {public TestConfiguration() {System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc" xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsdhttp://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false"></beans>
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;public class TestMain {public static void main(String[] args) {// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContextApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:// ApplicationContext context = new// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");}
}
1.2、@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
@Bean标注在方法上(返回某个实例的方法),等价于spring的xml配置文件中的,作用为:注册bean对象
bean类:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;public class TestBean {private String username;private String url;private String password;public void sayHello() {System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");}public String toString() {return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;}public void start() {System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");}public void cleanUp() {System.out.println("TestBean 销毁。。。");}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {public TestConfiguration() {System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");}// @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法// @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")@Bean@Scope("prototype")public TestBean testBean() {return new TestBean();}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;public class TestMain {public static void main(String[] args) {// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContextApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:// ApplicationContext context = new// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");//获取beanTestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");tb.sayHello();}
}
注:
(1)、@Bean注解在返回实例的方法上,如果未通过@Bean指定bean的名称,则默认与标注的方法名相同;
(2)、@Bean注解默认作用域为单例singleton作用域,可通过@Scope(“prototype”)设置为原型作用域;
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注册bean对象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注册bean,当然需要配置@ComponentScan注解进行自动扫描。
@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
可以使用基于 Java 的配置来管理 bean 的生命周期。@Bean 支持两种属性,即 initMethod 和destroyMethod,这些属性可用于定义生命周期方法。在实例化 bean 或即将销毁它时,容器便可调用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也称为回调方法,因为它将由容器调用。使用 @Bean 注释注册的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 规定的标准 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 注释。如果您正在使用 XML 方法来定义 bean,那么就应该使用 bean 元素来定义生命周期回调方法。以下代码显示了在 XML 配置中通常使用 bean 元素定义回调的方法。
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {public TestConfiguration() {System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");}//@Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法@Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")@Scope("prototype")public TestBean testBean() {return new TestBean();}
}
public class TestMain {public static void main(String[] args) {ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");tb.sayHello();System.out.println(tb);TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");tb2.sayHello();System.out.println(tb2);}
}
分析:
结果中的1:表明initMethod生效
结果中的2:表明@Scope(“prototype”)生效
1.3、@Configuration启动容器+@Component注册Bean
bean类:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;//添加注册bean的注解
@Component
public class TestBean {private String username;private String url;private String password;public void sayHello() {System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");}public String toString() {return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;}public void start() {System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");}public void cleanUp() {System.out.println("TestBean 销毁。。。");}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;@Configuration
//添加自动扫描注解,basePackages为TestBean包路径
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {public TestConfiguration() {System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");}/*// @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法// @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")@Bean@Scope("prototype")public TestBean testBean() {return new TestBean();}*/
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;public class TestMain {public static void main(String[] args) {// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContextApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:// ApplicationContext context = new// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");//获取beanTestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");tb.sayHello();}
}
sayHello()方法都被正常调用。
1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注册 AppContext 类的两种方法
1.4.1、 配置类的注册方式是将其传递给 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 构造函数
public static void main(String[] args) {// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContextApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);//获取beanTestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");tb.sayHello();}
1.4.2、 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 的register 方法传入配置类来注册配置类
public static void main(String[] args) {ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();ctx.register(AppContext.class)
}
1.5、配置Web应用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)
过去,您通常要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文来配置 Spring Web 应用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路径。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文类。以下代码描述了 web.xml 中指向将由 ContextLoaderListener 监听器类载入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。
<web-app><context-param><param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name><param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value></context-param><listener><listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class></listener><servlet><servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name><servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class></servlet>...
</web-app>
现在,您要将 web.xml 中的上述代码更改为使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。切记,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 为 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文实现,因此您永远不必在您的web.xml 文件中显式指定这个上下文类。现在,您将使用基于 Java 的配置,因此在配置 Web 应用程序时,需要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。上述代码将修改如下:
<web-app><context-param><param-name>contextClass</param-name><param-value>org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext</param-value></context-param><context-param><param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name><param-value>demo.AppContext</param-value></context-param><listener><listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class></listener><servlet><servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name><servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class><init-param><param-name>contextClass</param-name><param-value>org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext</param-value></init-param></servlet>...
</web-app>
以上修改后的 web.xml 现在定义了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文类,并将其作为上下文参数和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置现在指向 AppContext 配置类。这非常简单。下一节将演示 bean 的生命周期回调和范围的实现。
1.6、@Configuation总结
@Configuation等价于
@Bean等价于
@ComponentScan等价于<context:component-scan base-package=“com.dxz.demo”/>
二、组合多个配置类
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
public class WebConfig {
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;public class TestBean2 {private String username;private String url;private String password;public void sayHello() {System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello...");}public String toString() {return "TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;}public void start() {System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化。。。");}public void cleanUp() {System.out.println("TestBean2 销毁。。。");}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;public class TestMain2 {public static void main(String[] args) {// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContextApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:// ApplicationContext context = new// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");// 获取beanTestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");tb.sayHello();}
}
2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestConfiguration;@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
@Import(TestConfiguration.class)
public class WebConfig {
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean;public class TestMain2 {public static void main(String[] args) {// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContextApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:// ApplicationContext context = new// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");// 获取beanTestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");tb2.sayHello();TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");tb.sayHello();}
}
2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必须是静态类)
通过配置类嵌套的配置类,达到组合多个配置类的目的。但注意内部类必须是静态类。
上代码:
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Component
public class TestBean {private String username;private String url;private String password;public void sayHello() {System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");}public String toString() {return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;}public void start() {System.out.println("TestBean start");}public void cleanUp() {System.out.println("TestBean destory");}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;public class DataSource {private String dbUser;private String dbPass;public String getDbUser() {return dbUser;}public void setDbUser(String dbUser) {this.dbUser = dbUser;}public String getDbPass() {return dbPass;}public void setDbPass(String dbPass) {this.dbPass = dbPass;}@Overridepublic String toString() {return "DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]";}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3")
public class TestConfiguration {public TestConfiguration() {System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");}@Configurationstatic class DatabaseConfig {@BeanDataSource dataSource() {return new DataSource();}}
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;public class TestMain {public static void main(String[] args) {// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContextsApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);//beanTestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");tb.sayHello();DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");System.out.println(ds);}
}
3、@EnableXXX注解
配合@Configuration使用,包括 @EnableAsync, @EnableScheduling, @EnableTransactionManagement, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, @EnableWebMvc。
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy—《spring AOP 之:@Aspect注解》
@EnableScheduling–《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*注解的源码,spring源码分析之定时任务Scheduled注解》
4、@Profile逻辑组配置
见《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用》
5、使用外部变量
1、@PropertySource + Environment,通过@PropertySource注解将properties配置文件中的值存储到Spring的 Environment中,Environment接口提供方法去读取配置文件中的值,参数是properties文件中定义的key值。
2、@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value