1. more challenging yet more practical 更有挑战性但是更符合实际的
2. pairwise 成对的
3. fine-grained 精细的
4. manifold 流形
5. zero shot learning 0样本学习
6. narrow the gap 缩小差距
7. w.r.t with respect to 考虑到
8. be different from in 跟某些人在某些方面不同，例如：Our work is different from all these approaches in that our
   query is a reference image and a modification text requested
   by the user to be applied to the image.
9. ground-truth 标准答案，例子：However, it is generally much harder to reduce bias in outlier ensembles because of the absence of ground truth.
10. Qualitative 定型的
11. de facto 真实的
12. e.g. 例子
13. state-of-the-art(sometimes cutting edge) ： the level of development (as of a device, procedure, process, technique, or science) reached at any particular time usually as a result of modern methods 最先进的
14. "e.g."和"i.e."是什么意思？"e.g."是拉丁语exempli gratia的缩写，意思是“举例”。"i.e."是拉丁短语id est的缩写，意思是“也就是说”或“换句话说”。