内容很长各位大老爷耐心观看
本章主要介绍ansible中最常见模块的使用
- 文件管理模块
- 软件包管理模块
- 服务管理模块
- 磁盘管理模块
- 用户管理模块
- 防火墙管理模块
ansible的基本用法如下
ansible 机器名 -m 模块x -a “模块的参数”对被管理机器执行不同的操作，只需要调用不同的模块就可以了。ansible中内置了很多 的模块,可以通过ansible-doc -l查看系统中所有的模块
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible-doc -l
a10_server Manage A10 Ne.>
a10_server_axapi3 Manage A10 Ne.>
a10_service_group Manage A10 Ne.>
a10_virtual_server Manage A10 Ne.>
aci_aaa_user Manage AAA us.>按【Enter】键会一行一行地往下显示，按空格键会一页一页地往下显示，按【q】键退 出
不同的模块有不同的参数，如果要查看某个模块的参数，可以通过如下语法来查看
ansible-doc 模块名
nsible中有很多模块，每个模块也有很多参数，我们是不可能把所有的模块、每个模块的所有参数都掌握的。所以，下面我们只讲解最常见的模块及这些模块中最常见的参数的使 用方法
1.1 shell模块
shell模块可以在远端执行操作系统命令，具体用法如下
ansible 主机组 ‐m shell ‐a "系统命令"练习1：在rhel802上执行hostname命令
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "hostname"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
rhel802
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里rc=0的意思是执行此命令之后的返回值为0，rc的意思是returm code(返回值)，为0说明正确执行了,非零说明没有正确执行
练习2：在 server2上执行一个错误的命令
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "hostnamebb"
rhel802 | FAILED | rc=127 >>
/bin/sh: hostnamebb: 未找到命令non-zero return code
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里rc=127的意思是执行此命令之后的返回值为127，非零说明没有正确执行
1.2 文件管理的file模块
file模块用于创建和删除文件/目录，修改文件/目录属性，其常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）path：用于指定文件/目录的路径，此选项可以用name或dest替代
（2）state：指定行为
（3）touch：创建文件
（4）directory：创建目录
（5）file：对已存文件进行修改
（6）absent：删除
（7）link：软链接
（8）hard：硬链接
（9）其他参数:owner指定所有者，group指定所属组，mode指定权限，setype指定上下 文
练习1：在rhel802上创建一个文件/opt/hosts，并设置所有者为root，所属组为jin，权限为444
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m file -a "path=/opt/hosts owner=root group=jin mode=444 state=touch"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"dest": "/opt/hosts","gid": 1000,"group": "jin","mode": "0444","owner": "root","secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:usr_t:s0","size": 0,"state": "file","uid": 0
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$需要注意的是，此处用path指定的文件，替换成name也是可以的，即name=/opt/hosts。查看文件的属性
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "ls -l /opt/hosts"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
-r--r--r--. 1 root jin 0 12月 15 11:50 /opt/hosts
[jin@rhel801 ~]$练习2：在rhel802上为/opt/hosts创建一个软链接/opt/hosts123
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m file -a "src=/opt/hosts dest=/opt/hosts123 state=link"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"dest": "/opt/hosts123","gid": 0,"group": "root","mode": "0777","owner": "root","secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:usr_t:s0","size": 10,"src": "/opt/hosts","state": "link","uid": 0
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "ls -l /opt/"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
总用量 0
-r--r--r--. 1 root jin 0 12月 15 11:50 hosts
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 12月 15 11:52 hosts123 -> /opt/hosts
[jin@rhel801 ~]$练习3：删除/opt/hosts123
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m file -a 'name=/opt/hosts123 state=absent'
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"path": "/opt/hosts123","state": "absent"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$练习4：创建目录/op/xx，上下文设置为default_t
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m file -a 'name=/opt/xx state=directory setype=default_t'
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"gid": 0,"group": "root","mode": "0755","owner": "root","path": "/opt/xx","secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0","size": 6,"state": "directory","uid": 0
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$练习5：把/opt/hosts的权限改成000，所有者改成tom，所属组改成jin
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m file -a "name=/opt/hosts owner=tom group=jin mode=000"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"gid": 1000,"group": "jin","mode": "0000","owner": "tom","path": "/opt/hosts","secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:usr_t:s0","size": 0,"state": "file","uid": 1001
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "ls -l /opt/hosts"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
----------. 1 tom jin 0 12月 15 11:50 /opt/hosts
[jin@rhel801 ~]$注意：指定文件时用name或 path都是可以的。
清空rhel802 上/opt中所有的内容
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "rm -rf /opt/*"
[WARNING]: Consider using the file module with state=absent rather than running
'rm'. If you need to use command because file is insufficient you can add
'warn: false' to this command task or set 'command_warnings=False' in
ansible.cfg to get rid of this message.
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>[jin@rhel801 ~]$上面的WARNING可以忽略不管，如果不想显示此消息，则在ansible.cfg的[defaults]字段下添加 command warnings=False即可
1.3 copy和fetch模块
copy用于把本地的文件拷贝到被管理机器，语法如下
ansible 主机组 ‐m copy ‐a "src=/path1/file1 dest=path2/"作用是把本地的/path1/file1拷贝到目的主机的/path2中
copy模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1） src：源文件
（2）dest：目的地，即拷贝到哪里
（3）owner：所有者
（4）group：所属组
（5）mode:权限
练习1：把本地的文件/etc/ansible/hosts拷贝到目标机器的/opt目录中，并设置权限为 000,所有者为tom
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m copy -a "src=/etc/ansible/hosts mode=000 owner=tom dest=/opt"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"checksum": "da996f1a52dbae3b6b43a6c50d761e4ed5ec9a9f","dest": "/opt/hosts","gid": 0,"group": "root","md5sum": "1564b951dc7c8511c6f9ee842653c541","mode": "0000","owner": "tom","secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0","size": 1016,"src": "/home/jin/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1702613995.966468-3971-61055203260128/source","state": "file","uid": 1001
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "ls -l /opt/hosts"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
----------. 1 tom root 1016 12月 15 12:19 /opt/hosts
[jin@rhel801 ~]$copy模块也可以利用content参数往某个文件中写内容，如果此文件不存在则会创建出来
练习2：在被管理机器的/opt目录中创建11.txt，内容为123123
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m copy -a 'content="123123" dest=/opt/11.txt'
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"checksum": "601f1889667efaebb33b8c12572835da3f027f78","dest": "/opt/11.txt","gid": 0,"group": "root","md5sum": "4297f44b13955235245b2497399d7a93","mode": "0644","owner": "root","secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0","size": 6,"src": "/home/jin/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1702614112.9510114-4040-185606194802467/source","state": "file","uid": 0
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证/opt/11.txt的内容
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "cat /opt/11.txt"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
123123
[jin@rhel801 ~]$fetch用于把文件从被管理机器拷贝到本机当前目录中,命令如下
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m fetch -a "src=/opt/hosts dest=."
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"changed": true,"checksum": "da996f1a52dbae3b6b43a6c50d761e4ed5ec9a9f","dest": "/home/jin/rhel802/opt/hosts","md5sum": "1564b951dc7c8511c6f9ee842653c541","remote_checksum": "da996f1a52dbae3b6b43a6c50d761e4ed5ec9a9f","remote_md5sum": null
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$查看
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ tree rhel802
rhel802
└── opt└── hosts1 directory, 1 file
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.4 yum_repository模块
利用yum_repository设置yum 源，一个标准的repo配置文件如下所示
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ cat /etc/yum.repos.d/aa.repo
[aa]
name=aa
baseurl=file:///mnt/AppStream
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0[bb]
name=bb
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
[jin@rhel801 ~]$其中门中的名称用于区分不同的yum 源。这里参数的含义如下。
（1）name：此 yum 源的描述信息
（2） baseurl：用于指定yum源的具体地址
（3）enabled：用于指定是否启用此 yum 源
（4）gpgcheck：用于指定在安装软件包时，是否要进行数字签名的验证，一般设置为0 即可
对于yum_repository模块来说，常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）name：repo配置文件里 [] 中的名称
（2）description：repo配置文件里name字段的描述信息
（3）baseurl :用于指定yum源的位置
（4）enabled :是否启用源，值为true 或false
（5）gpgcheck:是否启用数字签名验证，值为true或falsc
练习：给rhel802配置yum源，地址是ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/AppStream，所需要的密钥文件为ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m yum_repository -a "name=app description='this is appstream' baseurl=ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/AppStream gpgcheck=yes gpgkey=ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"repo": "app","state": "present"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$执行之后的效果如下
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "ls /etc/yum.repos.d/"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
app.repo
redhat.repo
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "cat /etc/yum.repos.d/app.repo"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
[app]
baseurl = ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/AppStream
gpgcheck = 1
gpgkey = ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
name = this is appstream
[jin@rhel801 ~]$给rhel802配置第二个yum源，地址是 ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/BaseOS，所需要的密钥文件为fip://192.168.161.16/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m yum_repository -a "name=baseos description='this is baseos' baseurl=ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/BaseOS gpgcheck=yes gpgkey=ftp://192.168.161.16/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"repo": "baseos","state": "present"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.5 使用yum模块管理软件包
yum模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）name：用于指定软件包的名称
（2）state：此参数的值如下
① present或installed：用于安装软件包，没有指定state时的默认值就是installed
② absent或removed：用于卸载软件包
③ latest：用于更新
注意：yum模块可以用package模块替代，用于在 Ubuntu等其他系统上管理软件包
练习1：在rhel802上安装vsftpd
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m yum -a "name=vsftpd state=installed"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "","rc": 0,"results": ["Installed: vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8.x86_64"]
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "rpm -qa | grep vsftpd"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8.x86_64
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ 练习2：在rhel802上卸载vsftpd
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m yum -a "name=vsftpd state=absent"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "","rc": 0,"results": ["Removed: vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8.x86_64"]
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$如果本机没有安装vsftpd，下面的命令就是安装，如果已经安装则更新到最新版
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m yum -a "name=vsftpd state=latest"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "","rc": 0,"results": ["Installed: vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8.x86_64"]
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ 如果要安装组或模块，需要在组名或模块名前加@，这个模块要使用引号引起来
练习3：安装RPM开发工具
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m yum -a "name='@RPM 开发工具' state=installed"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "","rc": 0,"results": ["Group rpm-development-tools installed.","Installed: rpmdevtools-8.10-8.el8.noarch"]
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.6 使用service模块管理服务
可以通过systemctl对服务进行启动、重启、关闭等操作，在ansible中可以调用service模块来实现对服务的管理，service模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）name：指定对哪个服务进行管理
（2）enabled：用于设置此服务是否开机自动启动，值为yes或no，默认值为空
（3）state：用于启动或关闭服务，其值包括started、stopped、restated
首先判断rhel802上的vsftpd是否启动
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "systemctl is-active vsftpd"
rhel802 | FAILED | rc=3 >>
inactivenon-zero return code
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里返回值为3(rc=3)，说明vsftpd没有启动
练习：启动vsftpd并设置开机自动启动
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m service -a "name=vsftpd state=started enabled=yes"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"enabled": true,"name": "vsftpd","state": "started","status": {"ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic": "0","ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic": "0","ActiveState": "inactive","After": "network-online.target basic.target sysinit.target system.sl
.....输出信息.....
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "systemctl is-active vsftpd"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
active
[jin@rhel801 ~]$或者到rhel802上进行验证
[jin@rhel802 ~]$ systemctl is-active vsftpd
active
[jin@rhel802 ~]$ systemctl is-enabled vsftpd
enabled
[jin@rhel802 ~]$1.7 使用parted模块对硬盘分区
在ansible中如果对分区进行管理，使用的是parted模块，parted模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）device：指的是哪块磁盘
（2）number：第几个分区
（3）part_start：指的是从硬盘的什么位置开始划分，不写默认为从头开始（0%)
（4）part_end：指的是到硬盘的什么位置作为分区的结束点
（5）state：用于指定操作，present是创建，absent是删除
自行在rhel802上新添加一块类型为SCSI、大小为20G的硬盘
练习1：在rhel802上对/devIsdb创建一个大小为2GiB的分区/dev/sdb1
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m parted -a "device=/dev/sda number=1 part_end=2GiB state=present"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"disk": {"dev": "/dev/sda","logical_block": 512,"model": "VMware, VMware Virtual S","physical_block": 512,"size": 20971520.0,"table": "msdos","unit": "kib"},"partitions": [{"begin": 1024.0,"end": 2097152.0,"flags": [],"fstype": "","name": "","num": 1,"size": 2096128.0,"unit": "kib"}],"script": "unit KiB mklabel msdos mkpart primary 0% 2GiB"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$此例是对/dev/sda创建第一个分区，因为从硬盘头开始，所以不需要指定part_start，此 分区到2GB位置结束
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "lsblk"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
└─sda1 8:1 0 2G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 10.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 38G 0 part /
[jin@rhel801 ~]$练习2：在rhel802上对/dev/sda创建一个大小为2GB的分区/dev/sda2
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m parted -a "device=/dev/sda number=2 part_start=2GiB part_end=4GiB state=present"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"disk": {"dev": "/dev/sda","logical_block": 512,"model": "VMware, VMware Virtual S","physical_block": 512,"size": 20971520.0,
....输出信息...."unit": "kib"}],"script": "unit KiB mkpart primary 2GiB 4GiB"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$此例是对/dev/sda创建第二个分区，从2GiB位置开始，到4GiB位置结束
在rhel802上查看分区
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "lsblk"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 2G 0 part
└─sda2 8:2 0 2G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 10.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 38G 0 part /
[jin@rhel801 ~]$练习3：删除rhel802上的/dev/sda2
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m parted -a "device=/dev/sda number=2 state=absent"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"disk": {"dev": "/dev/sda",
....输出信息....}],"script": "rm 2"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "lsblk"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
└─sda1 8:1 0 2G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 10.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 38G 0 part /
[jin@rhel801 ~]$可以看到，/dev/sda2已经被删除了
请自行创建出/dev/sda2和/dev/sda3备用
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "lsblk"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 2G 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 2G 0 part
└─sda3 8:3 0 2G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 10.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 38G 0 part /
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ 1.8 使用filesystem模块格式化
分区创建好之后，需要对分区进行格式化操作，格式化的模块为filesystem，filesystem模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）dev：用于指定对哪个设备进行格式化
（2）fstype：用于指定用什么文件系统进行格式化
（3）force：是否强制格式化，默认为no
练习：把 rhel802上的/dev/sda3格式化为XFS文件系统
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m filesystem -a "dev=/dev/sda3 fstype=xfs"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$如果想重新格式化，需要加上 force选项
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m filesystem -a "dev=/dev/sda3 fstype=xfs force=yes"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.9 使用mount模块挂载文件系统
格式化之后就需要挂载分区，挂载用的是mount模块，mount模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）src：用于指定挂载哪个设备
（2）path：用于指定挂载点
（3）fstype：用于指定挂载的文件系统，这个选项一定要指定
（4）opts：用于指定挂载选择，如果不指定则为defaults
（5）state：此参数的值如下
① mounted：挂载的同时，也会写入/etc/fstab
② present：只是写入/etc/fstab，但当前并没有挂载
③ unmounted：只卸载，并不会把条目从/etc/fstab中删除
④ absent：卸载并从/etc/fstab中删除
练习1：把rhel802上的/dev/sda3挂载到/123目录上，挂载选项为只读
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a 'mkdir /123'
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>[jin@rhel801 ~]$[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m mount -a "src=/dev/sda3 path=/123 state=mounted fstype=xfs opts=defaults,ro"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"dump": "0","fstab": "/etc/fstab","fstype": "xfs","name": "/123","opts": "defaults,ro","passno": "0","src": "/dev/sda3"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里指定了挂载选项为defaults,ro，多个选项用逗号隔开
验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "df -Th | grep sda3"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/dev/sda3 xfs 2.0G 256K 2.0G 1% /123
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "grep sda3 /etc/fstab"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/dev/sda3 /123 xfs defaults,ro 0 0
[jin@rhel801 ~]$因为挂载时state的值是mounted，所以不仅把/dev/sda3挂载了，也写人/etc/fstab 了
练习2：在rhel802上卸载并从/etc/fstab中删除/dev/sda3
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m mount -a "src=/dev/sda3 path=/123 state=absent"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"dump": "0","fstab": "/etc/fstab","name": "/123","opts": "defaults","passno": "0","src": "/dev/sda3"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$注意：如果卸载，path是一定要指定的，src指不指定无所谓
1.10 使用lvg模块对卷组进行管理
使用lvg模块管理卷组，此模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）pvs：用于指定物理卷，如果有多个PV则用逗号隔开，不需要提前创建PV，此命令 会自动创建PV
（2）vg：用于指定卷组的名称
（3）pesize：用于指定PE的大小
（4）state：此参数的值如下。
present：用于创建卷组，默认
absent：用于删除卷组
练习1：在rhel802上创建名称为vg0的卷组，所使用的分区/dev/sda1和/dev/sda2 pesize指定为16M
首先确认rhel802上不存在任何PV和VG
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "vgs"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>[jin@rhel801 ~]$开始创建vg0
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m lvg -a "pvs=/dev/sda1,/dev/sda2 vg=vg0 pesize=16 state=present"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里如果不指定pesize选项，则默认为4
验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "vgs"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg0 2 0 0 wz--n- <3.97g <3.97g
[jin@rhel801 ~]$练习2：删除卷组vg0
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m lvg -a "vg=vg0 pesize=16 state=absent"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ 验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "vgs"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>[jin@rhel801 ~]$可以看到，vg0已经没有了
自行使用命令再次把vg0创建出来
1.11 使用lvol模块管理逻辑卷
卷组创建好之后就要创建逻辑卷了，管理逻辑卷的模块是Ivol，lvol模块常见的参数包含以下几个
（1）vg：用于指定在哪个卷组上划分逻辑卷
（2）lv：用于指定逻辑卷的名称
（3）size：用于指定逻辑卷的大小
（4）state：此参数的值如下。
present :用于创建逻辑卷
absent :用于删除逻辑卷
练习1：在rhel802的卷组 vg0上，创建大小为1G、名称为lv0的逻辑卷
先查看rhel802上是否存在逻辑卷
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "lvs"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>[jin@rhel801 ~]$可以看到，不存在任何逻辑卷。下面开始创建逻辑卷
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m lvol -a "vg=vg0 lv=lv0 size=1G"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": ""
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "lvs"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convertlv0 vg0 -wi-a----- 1.00g
[jin@rhel801 ~]$可以看到,此逻辑卷已经创建出来了
练习2：在 rhel802上删除逻辑卷/dev/vg0/lv0
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m lvol -a "vg=vg0 lv=lv0 size=1G state=absent force=yes"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.12 使用firewalld模块管理防火墙
在ansible中可以通过firewalld模块对防火墙进行管理，firewalld模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）service：开放哪个服务
（2）port：开放哪个端口，用法为port=80/tcp
（3）permanent=yes：设置永久生效，不存在默认值
（4）immediate=yes：设置当前生效，默认为不生效
（5）state：此参数的值如下
enabled：用于创建规则
disabled：用于删除规则
（6）rich_rule：富规则
练习1：在rhel802上开放服务http
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m firewalld -a "service=http immediate=yes permanent=yes state=enabled"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "Permanent and Non-Permanent(immediate) operation, Changed service http to enabled"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
练习2：在rhel802上配置防火墙,允许tcp端口808通过
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m firewalld -a "port=808/tcp immediate=yes permanent=yes state=enabled"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "Permanent and Non-Permanent(immediate) operation, Changed port 808/tcp to enabled"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ 验证
练习3：在rhel802上配置防火墙，删除开放的端口808和服务http
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m firewalld -a "port=808/tcp immediate=yes permanent=yes state=disabled"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "Permanent and Non-Permanent(immediate) operation, Changed port 808/tcp to disabled"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.13 替换模块replace
平时写shell脚本时，要替换文件的内容，可以直接使用vim或sed命令来进行替换操作。 在 ansible中也有相关的替换模块:replace和 lineinfile，这里先讲replace模块的使用
replace模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）path：指明编辑的文件
（2）regexp：正则表达式，指定要替换哪些内容
（3）replace：替换后的字符
练习1：把rhel802 上 /opt/aa.txt中开头为aa那行的内容替换为xx=666
在rhel802的lopt目录中创建aa.txt，内容如下
[root@rhel802 opt]# cat aa.txt
aa=111
bb=222
[root@rhel802 opt]#在ansible主机上执行replace模块
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m replace -a "path=/opt/aa.txt regexp=^aa replace=xx=666"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "1 replacements made"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里的意思是把rhel802 上/opt/aa.txt这个文件中行开头是aa的字符替换成xx=666。记 住,这里只是对regexp表示的字符进行替换，替换之后的内容如下
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "cat /opt/aa.txt"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
xx=666=111
bb=222
[jin@rhel801 ~]$可以看到,只是把原来的字符aa替换成replace后面的内容了，并不是把这行内容替换掉。 如果想把整行内容进行替换，需要在regexp后面表示出来整行内容
练习2：把 rhel802上 /opt/aa.txt中开头为bb那行的内容替换为xx=666
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m replace -a "path=/opt/aa.txt regexp=^bb.+ replace=xx=666"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"msg": "1 replacements made"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里path指明了要替换的文件，regexp的写法是^bb.+，比上面的例子中多了.+，意思是开头是bb及后续所有的字符（这就表示以bb开头的那一整行内容)，替换成xx=666，运行 结果如下
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "cat /opt/aa.txt"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
xx=666=111
xx=666
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.14 替换模块lineinfile
lineinfile模块的用法与replace基本一致，也是用于替换的，常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）path：指明编辑的文件
（2）regexp：正则表达式
（3）line：替换后的字符
练习：把rhel802上/opt/bb.txt中开头为aa=111那行的内容替换为xx=666
在rhel802上创建文件/opt/bb.txt
[root@rhel802 opt]# cat bb.txt
aa=111
bb=222
[root@rhel802 opt]#在ansible主机上执行lineinfile模块,命令如下
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m lineinfile -a "path=/opt/bb.txt regexp=^aa line=xx=666"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"backup": "","changed": true,"msg": "line replaced"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里的意思是把path所指定的文件/opt/bb.txt，regexp后面跟的^aa，即以aa开头的行 (需要注意的是，这里和 replace模块有区别)，替换成xx=666
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "cat /opt/bb.txt"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
xx=666
bb=222
[jin@rhel801 ~]$总结：replace是对字符进行替换，lineinfile是对行进行替换，如果replace想对行进行替换,在regexp后面必须写上正则表达式来表示一整行内容
1.15 打印模块debug
debug模块一般用于打印提示信息，类似于shell 中的echo命令，其他语言如Python等 中的print，其常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）msg：后面跟具体内容
（2）var：后面跟变量
注意：var和msg不可以同时使用
练习：在rhel802上打印“111
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m debug -a "msg='hello ansible'"
rhel802 | SUCCESS => {"msg": "hello ansible"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.16 使用script模块在远端执行脚本
如果在本地写了一个脚本，想在所有被管理节点上执行，没有必要事先把脚本分发到被管理机器上，使用script模块即可快速实现
先写一个简单的脚本test1.sh 用于显示主机名
[root@rhel801 ~]# cat test1.sh
#!/bin/bash
hostname
[root@rhel801 ~]# chmod +x test1.sh 下面在db主机上执行
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible db -m script -a "./test1.sh"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"changed": true,"rc": 0,"stderr": "Shared connection to rhel802 closed.\r\n","stderr_lines": ["Shared connection to rhel802 closed."],"stdout": "rhel802\r\n","stdout_lines": ["rhel802"]
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.17 使用group模块对组进行管理
如果对系统的组进行管理，那么可以使用group模块。group模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）name：指定组名
（2）state：此参数的值如下
present：用于创建组
absent：用于删除组
下面在rhel802上创建组group1
先看看在rhel802上是否存在group1
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "grep group1 /etc/group"
rhel802 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code
[jin@rhel801 ~]$没有任何输出，说明rhel802上是没有group1这个组的。下面创建组group1，命令如下
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m group -a "name=group1 state=present"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"gid": 1002,"name": "group1","state": "present","system": false
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m shell -a "grep group1 /etc/group"
rhel802 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
group1:x:1002:
[jin@rhel801 ~]$删除这个组
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m group -a "name=group1 state=absent"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"name": "group1","state": "absent"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$1.18 使用user模块对用户进行管理
对用户的管理可以使用user模块，对于user模块来说，常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）name：指定用户名
（2）comment：指定注释信息
（3）group：指定用户的主组
（4）groups：指定用户的附属组
（5）password：指定密码，但是必须对密码进行加密
（6）state：此参数的值如下
present：用于创建用户
absent：用于删除用户
下面创建一个lisi用户
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m user -a "name=lisi group=root password={{'123.123' | password_hash('sha512')}} state=present"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"comment": "","create_home": true,"group": 0,"home": "/home/lisi","name": "lisi","password": "NOT_LOGGING_PASSWORD","shell": "/bin/bash","state": "present","system": false,"uid": 1002
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里password=({’123.123'| password hash('sha512')}}的意思是，用password hash 函数调用sha512这个哈希算法对字符串 123.123进行加密
到rhel802 上验证，因为root用su命令切换到任何用户都不需要密码，所以这里先切换到 jin用户，然后再切换到lisi用户，测试密码是不是正确
[jin@rhel802 ~]$ su - lisi
密码：
[lisi@rhel802 ~]$ exit
注销
[jin@rhel802 ~]$ 可以看到,用户的密码是123.123
下面把lisi用户删除
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m user -a "name=lisi state=absent remove=yes"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"force": false,"name": "lisi","remove": true,"state": "absent"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$这里remove=yes的意思类似于userdel 中的-r选项，删除用户的同时把家目录也删除
1.19 使用get url模块下载文件
如果想从服务器上下载到被管理机器上，需要使用到get_url模块。get_url模块常见的参数包括以下几个
（1）url：指定文件的URL连接
（2）dest：指定存储在哪里
例如，现在要把ftp://ftp.rhce.cc/auto/web.tar.gz下载到rhel802的/opt目录中
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m get_url -a "url=ftp://ftp.rhce.cc/auto/web.tar.gz dest=/opt/"
rhel802 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": true,"checksum_dest": null,"checksum_src": "0453d8c9e9ce9bda838b659b901b74a2e709fb15","dest": "/opt/web.tar.gz","elapsed": 5,"gid": 0,"group": "root","md5sum": "41c019324f7b8160ce6944102a755de8","mode": "0644","msg": "OK (1406 bytes)","owner": "root","secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0","size": 1406,"src": "/home/jin/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1702885221.721928-7550-63454645142962/tmpr4sgnf7v","state": "file","status_code": null,"uid": 0,"url": "ftp://ftp.rhce.cc/auto/web.tar.gz"
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$验证
可以看到，已经把文件下载下来了
1.20 使用setup模块获取被管理主机的信息
如果想获取被管理主机的系统信息，可以使用setup模块。下面获取rhel802上的信息
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m setup
rhel802 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"ansible_all_ipv4_addresses": ["192.168.161.17","192.168.122.1"],
setup中所获取的变量叫作fact变量，这里都是以key:value的格式输出，大致结构如下
1 键1:值
2 键2:{
3 子键a: 值a
4 子键b: 值b
5 ...
6 }如果想获取“键1”的值,可以通过参数“filter=键”或“filter=键.子键”来过滤。例如，要获取rhel802上所在机器BIOS的版本，可以通过键值ansible_bios_version来获取，命令如下
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m setup -a "filter=ansible_bios_version"
rhel802 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"ansible_bios_version": "6.00","discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": false
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$如果想获取ipv4的所有信息，可以通过键值ansible default ipv4来获取
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m setup -a "filter=ansible_default_ipv4"
rhel802 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"ansible_default_ipv4": {"address": "192.168.161.17","alias": "ens160","broadcast": "192.168.161.255","gateway": "192.168.161.2","interface": "ens160","macaddress": "00:0c:29:bd:32:8b","mtu": 1500,"netmask": "255.255.255.0","network": "192.168.161.0","type": "ether"},"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": false
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$如果仅仅想获取IP地址信息，其他网络信息不需要，可以通过 ansible_default_ipv4的子键来获取
[jin@rhel801 ~]$ ansible rhel802 -m setup -a "filter=ansible_default_ipv4.address"
rhel802 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"},"changed": false
}
[jin@rhel801 ~]$不过在命令行中如果filter含有子键，结果是不会显示的，所以上面的命令没有看到IP。不过如果把这个键写入playbook，是会显示值的，关于 playbook后面会讲
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