环境:
- three.js 0.159.0
一、基础知识
geometry
:决定物体的几何形状、轮廓;material
:决定物体呈现的色彩、光影特性、贴图皮肤;mesh
:场景中的物体,由geometry
和materia
组成;texture
:贴图,用于将一个jpg等格式的图片贴到material上面(当然,material
也可以不贴texture
);
另外,如果material
上是定义的color
,那么说明,物体是自发光的,不需要灯光就能看到,
而materia
如果整个是靠texture
贴上去的,则需要光照才能看到它,最简单的是用环境光。
另外,对于一张图片,无论它有多大或多小,左下角是(0,0),右上角是(1,1),这就是uv,宽用u表示,高用v表示。
另外,无论一个物体形状有多复杂,其表面也可以分割成很多三角面。
下面使用的示例图片如下:
二、简单实例
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title>Document</title><style>* {margin: 0;padding: 0;box-sizing: border-box;}</style><script type="importmap">{"imports": {"three": "https://unpkg.com/three@0.159.0/build/three.module.js","three/addons/": "https://unpkg.com/three@0.159.0/examples/jsm/"}}</script>
</head><body><script type="module">import * as THREE from 'three';import { OrbitControls } from 'three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js';let camera, scene, renderer;//基础对象camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(45, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 10000);camera.position.set(50, 50, 50);camera.updateProjectionMatrix();renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer();renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement);controls.minDistance = 5;controls.maxDistance = 300;controls.update()scene = new THREE.Scene();// 环境光const light = new THREE.AmbientLight(0x404040); // soft white lightscene.add(light);//坐标轴const axesHelper = new THREE.AxesHelper(5);scene.add(axesHelper);//准备geometry//点位var position = [10, 10, 0,10, 0, 0,0, 0, 0]//贴图var uvs = [1, 1,1, 0,0, 0,] //构造geometrylet geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();geometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(position, 3));geometry.setAttribute('uv', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(uvs, 2));//加载贴图const texture = new THREE.TextureLoader().load('number.png');texture.wrapS = texture.wrapT = THREE.RepeatWrapping;texture.repeat.set(1, 1);//准备materialconst material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({side: THREE.DoubleSide,map: texture,transparent: true,opacity: 0.7,});//组成meshconst mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);scene.add(mesh);function animate() {requestAnimationFrame(animate);renderer.render(scene, camera);}animate();</script>
</body></html>
效果如下:
三、探索贴图原理
先说上面示例:
- position 表达了三个点位的坐标和顺序(看向
-z
轴,逆时针),此时面的法方向是 (0,0,-1); - uv 表达了position每个点位在贴图上的点;
- 又因为,将material设为了透明和双面渲染,所以我们看向
-z
轴也是可以看到效果的(我们默认看到的效果其实是背面,可以将上面的side: THREE.DoubleSide,
注释掉试试);
这里是否有一个疑问:怎么知道贴图的正面是朝向哪的呢?为什么这里是朝向+z
轴,而不是-z
轴呢?
其实,因为position和uv,webgl的插值计算只能将贴图的正面朝向
+z
轴,如下图示意:
四、考虑index作用
上面只是3个点位,所以仅用position和uv即可表达,但如果有很多点位,再这么写的话position会很多,而且很多都是重复的,
比如:立方体有8个点位,如果每个面分成两个三角面,那么总共需要24 = 6*2*3
个点位坐标(每个3角面要3个点)。
此时使用index的写法:
position:8个点位
index: 列出每个三角面的点位序号, 共计 24 个元素
uv:和position一一对应
将上面示例中geometry部分改造如下:
//准备geometry
//点位
var position = [10, 10, 0,10, 0, 0,0, 0, 0,0, 10, 0,
]
//贴图
var uvs = [1, 1,1, 0,0, 0,0, 1,
]
//点位序号
var index = [0, 1, 2,0, 2, 3,
]
//构造geometry
let geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
geometry.setIndex(index);
geometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(position, 3));
geometry.setAttribute('uv', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(uvs, 2));
此时,我们看到的效果:
可以看到,我们仅用了4个点位,便描述了两个3角面。
五、看一个特殊的示例
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title>Document</title><style>* {margin: 0;padding: 0;box-sizing: border-box;}</style><script type="importmap">{"imports": {"three": "https://unpkg.com/three@0.159.0/build/three.module.js","three/addons/": "https://unpkg.com/three@0.159.0/examples/jsm/"}}</script>
</head><body><script type="module">import * as THREE from 'three';import { OrbitControls } from 'three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js';let camera, scene, renderer;//基础对象camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(45, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 10000);camera.position.set(50, 50, 50);camera.updateProjectionMatrix();renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer();renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement);controls.minDistance = 5;controls.maxDistance = 300;controls.update()scene = new THREE.Scene();// 环境光const light = new THREE.AmbientLight(0x404040); // soft white lightscene.add(light);//坐标轴const axesHelper = new THREE.AxesHelper(5);scene.add(axesHelper);//准备geometry//点位var position = [10, 10, 0,10, 0, 0,0, 0, 0,]//贴图var uvs = [0, 1,1, 1,0, 0,]//点位序号var index = [0, 1, 2]//构造geometrylet geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();geometry.setIndex(index);geometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(position, 3));geometry.setAttribute('uv', new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(uvs, 2));//加载贴图const texture = new THREE.TextureLoader().load('number.png');texture.wrapS = texture.wrapT = THREE.RepeatWrapping;texture.repeat.set(1, 1);//准备materialconst material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({side: THREE.DoubleSide,map: texture,transparent: true,opacity: 0.7,});//组成meshconst mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);scene.add(mesh);function animate() {requestAnimationFrame(animate);renderer.render(scene, camera);}animate();</script>
</body></html>
效果如下:
六、最后看一个用立方体实现全景图预览的效果
效果图如下:
代码下载请看博文顶部。。。