基于bilibili狂神说JUC并发编程视频所做笔记
概述
什么是JUC
JUC时java.util工具包中的三个包的简称
java.util.concurrent
java.util.concurrent.atomic
java.util.concurrent.locks
业务:普通的线程代码中,我们常使用Runnable接口
但Runnable没有返回值,且效率相比较于Callable来说相对较低,功能也没有Callable强大
线程和进程
进程:相当于一个程序
一个进程当中往往可以包含多个线程,且至少包含一个线程
Java默认有2个线程:mian(主线程),GC(垃圾回收)
Java真的可以开启线程吗?
java是无法开启线程的,Java运行在JVM(虚拟机)之上,无法直接操作硬件,因此其实际上是无法开启线程的,在我们无论使用Runnable接口还是继承Thread,用start()方法开启线程,其本质上都是调用==private native void start0()==方法,而该方法是本地方法,是运行底层的C++
并发编程:
并发与并行:
并发:(多个线程同时操作一个核)
- CPU一核,快速交替轮换,模拟多核
并行:(多个线程操作多个核)
- CPU多核,可以多个线程同时执行;引入线程池的概念
查看自己CPU核数:
public class Test1 {public static void main(String[] args) {// 获取CPU的核数// COU 密集型,IO密集型System.out.println(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());}
}
并发编程的本质:充分利用CPU的资源
线程有几个状态
答: 6个,分别为:NEW,RUNNABLE,BLOCKED,WAITING,TIMED_WAITING,TERMINATED
public enum State{/*** Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.*/
NEW,/*** Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable* state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may* be waiting for other resources from the operating system* such as processor.*/
RUNNABLE,/*** Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.* A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock* to enter a synchronized block/method or* reenter a synchronized block/method after calling* {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.*/
BLOCKED,/*** Thread state for a waiting thread.* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the* following methods:* <ul>* <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>* <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>* <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>* </ul>** <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to* perform a particular action.** For example, a thread that has called {@code Object.wait()}* on an object is waiting for another thread to call* {@code Object.notify()} or {@code Object.notifyAll()} on* that object. A thread that has called {@code Thread.join()}* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.*/
WAITING,/*** Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:* <ul>* <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>* <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>* <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>* </ul>*/
TIMED_WAITING,/*** Thread state for a terminated thread.* The thread has completed execution.*/
TERMINATED;
}
WAITING 与 TIMED_WAITING的区别为:
WAITING会一直等待唤醒,或其他线程,资源的响应
TIMED_WAITING为超时等待,一旦时间到,则不再等待
wait/sleep的区别
- 来自不同的类
wait 来自Object类
sleep来自Thread类
- 关于锁的释放
wait会释放锁
sleep不会释放锁,抱着锁睡觉
- 使用的范围是不同的
wait 必须在同步代码块中使用
sleep 可以在任何地方睡
- 是否需要捕获异常
wait不需要捕获异常
sleep必须要捕获异常
(但是,只要与线程有关的操作,都要捕获中断异常)
Lock锁(重点)
回顾synchronized
传统Synchronized
package syn;// OOP并发编程
public class SaleTicketDemo01 {public static void main(String[] args) {// 声明一个票对象,使3个线程可以调用买票方法Ticket ticket = new Ticket();// 使用lambda表达式,回顾:lambda表达式是一种极简的表达艺术,但仅用于函数式接口new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {ticket.sale();}},"A").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {ticket.sale();}},"B").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {ticket.sale();}},"C").start();}
}// 高耦合,对象及为对象,不要附加多余功能,不要将其变成线程类
class Ticket{// 属性、方法private int ticketNums = 30;// synchronized 本质就是锁,队列public synchronized void sale(){if (ticketNums > 0) {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" sales "+ticketNums--+",and remains"+ticketNums);}}
}
Lock锁实现线程安全示例
java.util.concurrent.locks下有三个接口
- Condition
- Lock
- ReadWriteLock
Lock接口
实现类:
- ReentranLock(可重入锁)
- ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock(读锁)
- ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock(写锁)
在ReentrantLock中,其构造函数:
公平锁:先到先得
非公平锁(默认):可以插队,看CPU调度
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;public class LockDemo02 {public static void main(String[] args) {// 声明一个票对象,使3个线程可以调用买票方法Ticket ticket = new Ticket();// 使用lambda表达式,回顾:lambda表达式是一种极简的表达艺术,但仅用于函数式接口new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) ticket.sale();},"A").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) ticket.sale();},"B").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) ticket.sale();},"C").start();}
}// 高耦合,对象及为对象,不要附加多余功能,不要将其变成线程类
// 使用lock锁
/*
Lock三部曲
1、 new ReentrantLock()
2、 lock.lock()
3、 finally => lock.unlock()*/
class Ticket{// 属性、方法private int ticketNums = 30;Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();// synchronized 本质就是锁,队列public void sale(){lock.lock();// 加锁try {//业务代码if (ticketNums > 0) {System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" sales "+ticketNums--+",and remains"+ticketNums);}} catch (Exception e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);} finally {lock.unlock();// 解锁}}
}
Lock与synchronized的区别
1、synchronized内置的Java关键字;而Lock是一个Java类
2、synchronized无法判断获取锁的状态;Lock可以判断是否获取到了锁
3、synchronized会自动释放锁;Lock必须手动释放锁,如果不释放锁,则会造成死锁
4、synchronized线程1(获得锁),线程2(一直等待); Lock锁时,线程2就不一定会等待下去
5、synchronized可重入锁,不可中断的,非公平锁(不可更改);Lock,可重入锁,可以判断锁,默认非公平(可以修改)
6、synchronized适合锁少量的代码同步问题;Lock锁适合锁大量的同步代码
锁是什么,如何判断锁的是谁
看8锁现象!!!
生产者和消费者问题
生产者消费者问题 synchronized版
package PC;/*** 线程之间的通信问题:生产者和消费者问题 等待唤醒 通知唤醒* 线程交替执行 A B 操作同一个变量 num = 0* A num+1* B num-1*/
public class A {public static void main(String[] args) {Data data = new Data();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {try {data.increment();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}},"A").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {try {data.decrement();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}},"B").start();}
}// 口诀:等待,业务,通知
// 资源类
class Data{private int number = 0;// +1操作public synchronized void increment() throws InterruptedException {// 等待if (number != 0){this.wait();}// 业务number++;System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>"+number);// 通知其他线程,我加一完毕this.notifyAll();}// -1操作public synchronized void decrement() throws InterruptedException {// 等待if (number == 0){this.wait();}// 业务number--;System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>"+number);// 通知其他线程,我减一完毕this.notifyAll();}
}
这真的线程安全吗?如果有四个线程同时跑呢?
答:不安全,当四个线程在跑时,则会出现意料之外的情况
为什么会产生这种情况?
答:造成这种现象的原因是虚假唤醒
什么是虚假唤醒?
多线程环境下,有多个线程执行了wait()方法,需要其他线程执行notify()或者notifyAll()方法去唤醒它们,假如多个线程都被唤醒了,但是只有其中一部分是有用的唤醒操作,其余的唤醒都是无用功;对于不应该被唤醒的线程而言,便是虚假唤醒。
比如:仓库有货了才能出库,突然仓库入库了一个货品;这时所有的线程(货车)都被唤醒,来执行出库操作;实际上只有一个线程(货车)能执行出库操作,其他线程都是虚假唤醒。
参考博客:Java线程虚假唤醒是什么、如何避免?_java 虚假唤醒_秃秃爱健身的博客-CSDN博客
很重要:以下是个人感悟!
其实当初笔者在此处还是很困惑的,为什么虚假唤醒会造成线程同时运行而不顾if条件语句,后来笔者意识到一个很重要的问题:“wait()方法会使线程放弃锁”。也就是说,当A线程拿到了同步锁之后,进入if条件语句判断,如果此时条件为true,它会进入waiting状态并放弃同步锁,因此,C线程在这段时间有可能会乘虚而入,抢在B线程或D线程将A线程唤醒前进入同步代码块,同样进入if语句的waiting状态,之后,B线程或D线程完成其业务逻辑后,执行notifyAll()方法,就会将A线程与C线程同时唤醒,然后两者都会执行业务逻辑,导致一次减,两次加,与我们的预期(我们的逻辑是加一次,减一次)不符。因此线程不安全。
以上解释只是个人猜想,还未曾验证过,比如将wait换成sleep,抱着线程休眠是否会出现同样的问题
如何避免虚假唤醒?
将if条件语句改为while循环语句
当使用if条件语句时,如果线程在if条件语句中被wait中断退出,当其重新进入回到它原本所在的位置后就会发现,它已经进行过判断了,接下来,就算已经有线程抢先一步操作,它也会义无反顾地往下走,因为没有条件能够拦住它啦!
而当我们使用while循环语句会发现:(以下是官方文档所给的推荐代码)
synchronized (obj) { while (<condition does not hold> and <timeout not exceeded>) { long timeoutMillis = ... ; // recompute timeout values int nanos = ... ; obj.wait(timeoutMillis, nanos); } ... // Perform action appropriate to condition or timeout
}
如果线程在while循环中被wait中断退出,当其重新进入回到它原本所在的位置后就会发现,本次循环已经结束,**接下来并不是执行后面的业务代码,而是返回到while循环开头,重新判断一次是否满足条件。**这样的操作就保证了即使在退出重进,也会进行再一次的判断确保线程安全。
以下为示例中被修改的代码片段:
public synchronized void increment() throws InterruptedException {// 等待// ***************** 此处的if被改为while **********************while (number != 0){this.wait();}// 业务number++;System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>"+number);// 通知其他线程,我加一完毕this.notifyAll();
}// -1操作
public synchronized void decrement() throws InterruptedException {// 等待// ***************** 此处的if被改为while **********************while (number == 0){this.wait();}// 业务number--;System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>"+number);// 通知其他线程,我减一完毕this.notifyAll();
}
生产者消费者问题 JUC版
对应于synchronized,JUC版本下,Lock锁也有对应的唤醒与停止方法,分别是condition接口下的signal()与await()
以下是官方文档的描述:
示例代码如下:
package PC;import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;public class B {public static void main(String[] args) {Data2 data = new Data2();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {try {data.increment();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}},"A").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {try {data.decrement();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}},"B").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {try {data.increment();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}},"C").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {try {data.decrement();} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}},"D").start();}
}// 口诀:等待,业务,通知
// 资源类
class Data2{private int number = 0;Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();// +1操作public void increment() throws InterruptedException {Condition condition = lock.newCondition();/*** condition.await(); 等待* condition.signalAll(); 唤醒全部*/try {lock.lock();// =============== 业务代码 ==================// 等待while (number != 0){condition.await();}// 业务number++;// 通知其他线程,我加一完毕System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>"+number);// ===========================================} catch (Exception e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}finally{lock.unlock();}}// -1操作public void decrement() throws InterruptedException {Condition condition = lock.newCondition();try {lock.lock();// =============== 业务代码 ==================// 等待while (number == 0){}// 业务number--;// 通知其他线程,我减一完毕System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"=>"+number);// ===========================================} catch (Exception e) {throw new RuntimeException(e); } finally {lock.unlock();}}
}
Condition 的优势在哪里
可以实现精准的通知和唤醒线程
以下示例实现精准唤醒线程,在A线程执行完后精准唤醒B线程执行,B线程执行完后精准唤醒C线程执行,C线程执行完后精准唤醒A线程执行
package PC;import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;/*** A 执行完调用 B,B 执行完调用 C,C 执行调用 A*/
public class C {public static void main(String[] args) {// new 资源类Data3 data = new Data3();// 创建线程并执行线程new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) data.printA();},"A").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) data.printB();},"B").start();new Thread(()->{for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) data.printC();},"C").start();}
}//资源类
class Data3{private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();private Condition conditionA = lock.newCondition();private Condition conditionB = lock.newCondition();private Condition conditionC = lock.newCondition();private int number = 1; // 若number=1则A执行,若number=2则B执行,若number=3则C执行public void printA(){lock.lock();try {// 业务, 判断->执行->通知while(number != 1){conditionA.await();}System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" now is AAAAA time!");// 唤醒指定的线程Bnumber ++;conditionB.signal();} catch (Exception e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);} finally {lock.unlock();}}public void printB(){lock.lock();try {while(number != 2){conditionB.await();}System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"now is BBBBB time!");// 唤醒指定线程Cnumber++;conditionC.signal();} catch (Exception e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);} finally {lock.unlock();}}public void printC(){lock.lock();try {while(number != 3){conditionC.await();}System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"now is CCCCC time!");number = 1;conditionA.signal();} catch (Exception e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);} finally {lock.unlock();}}}
总结:
- Lock锁与synchronized锁的区别要分清
- 在多线程情况下,不要使用if条件语句来判断是否wait或await某一线程,要用while循环语句来判断,否则线程不安全
- Lock锁下,使用await与signal等价于wait和notify,但有所区别,Lock锁更加灵活和可以精准唤醒某些线程