Dockerfile
一、概述
1、commit的局限
很容易制作简单的镜像,但碰到复杂的情况就十分不方便,例如碰到下面的情况:
- 需要设置默认的启动命令
- 需要设置环境变量
- 需要指定镜像开放某些特定的端口
2、Dockerfile是什么
- Dockerfile是一种更强大的镜像制作方式
- 编写类似脚本的Dockerfile文件,通过该文件制作镜像
3、如何使用Dockerfile制作镜像
- 创建编写Dockerfile
- 制作镜像(docker build -t 镜像名称:标签 Dockerfile所在目录)
二、Dockerfile指令
指令 | 说明 |
FROM | 指定基础镜像(唯一) |
RUN | 在容器内执行命令,可以写多条 |
ADD | 把文件拷贝到容器内,如果文件是tar.xx格式,会自动解压 |
COPY | 把文件拷贝到容器内,不会自动解压 |
ENV | 设置启动容器的环境变量 |
WORKDIR | 设置启动容器的默认工作目录(唯一) |
CMD | 容器默认的启动参数(唯一) |
ENTRYPOINT | 容器默认的启动命令(唯一) |
USER | 启动容器使用的用户(唯一) |
EXPOSE | 使用镜像创建的容器默认监听使用的端口号/协议 |
三、镜像制作
1、Dockerfile案例
# 编写 Dockerfile
[root@test1 ~]# mkdir myimg
[root@test1 ~]# vim myimg/Dockerfile
FROM linux:latest
CMD ["/bin/ls", "-l"]# 创建镜像
[root@test1 ~]# docker build -t img1:latest myimg
[root@test1 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
img1 latest 6c44ce0cfbe0 6 hours ago 249MB
linux latest 71662af1927a 6 hours ago 249MB# 创建容器,ls 执行成功
[root@test1 ~]# docker run -it --rm img1:latest
total 48
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Oct 11 2021 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 360 Feb 5 04:21 dev
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 5 04:21 etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 11 2021 home# 传递参数命令,覆盖 CMD 执行
[root@test1 ~]# docker run -it --rm img1:latest id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
2、Dockerfile案例
# ENTRYPOINT
[root@test1 ~]# vim myimg/Dockerfile
FROM linux:latest
ENTRYPOINT ["echo"]
CMD ["/bin/ls", "-l"]# 创建镜像
[root@test1 ~]# docker build -t img2:latest myimg
......
Successfully tagged img2:lates# CMD 做为参数传递,在容器内执行了 echo '/bin/ls -l'
[root@test1 ~]# docker run -it --rm img2:latest
/bin/ls -l# CMD 被替换,在容器内执行了 echo id
[root@test1 ~]# docker run -it --rm img2:latest id
id
3、Dockerfile案例
# 制作测试文件
[root@test1 ~]# tar -cf myimg/myfile.tar -C /etc/ hosts issue# 编辑Dockerfile
[root@test1 ~]# vim myimg/Dockerfile
FROM mylinux:latest
COPY myfile.tar /var/tmp/
ADD myfile.tar /tmp/
RUN id && touch /tmp/file1
USER nobody
RUN id && touch /tmp/file2
ENV mymsg="Hello World"
WORKDIR /tmp
CMD ["/bin/bash"]# 创建镜像
[root@test1 ~]# docker build -t img3:latest myimg/
......
Successfully built eb8b669cbe7c
Successfully tagged img3:latest# 运行测试
[root@test1 ~]# docker run -it --rm img3:latest
# 使用 COPY 进来的文件还是 tar 包
bash-4.4$ tree /var/tmp
/var/tmp
`-- myfile.tar
# 使用 ADD 添加的文件已经被解压了
bash-4.4$ tree /tmp
/tmp
|-- hosts
`-- issue
# USER 指令设置使用 nobody 用户运行容器
bash-4.4$ id
uid=65534(nobody) gid=65534(nobody) groups=65534(nobody)
# USER 指令前创建的文件是 root 权限,之后是 USER 用户权限
bash-4.4$ ls -l /tmp/file?
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 3 09:10 /tmp/file1
-rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nobody 0 Apr 3 09:10 /tmp/file2
# 环境变量可以直接调用
bash-4.4$ echo ${mymsg}
Hello World
# WORKDIR 把工作目录设置到 /tmp
bash-4.4$ pwd
/tmp
四、镜像制作实战
1、httpd镜像
制作测试页面
[root@docker ~]# mkdir httpd
[root@docker ~]# cd httpd# 制作测试页面
[root@docker httpd]# echo 'Welcome to The Apache.' >httpd/index.html
[root@docker httpd]# cp -a /root/info.php /root/httpd# 多个文件要拷贝到容器内,使用 tar 更方便
[root@docker httpd]# tar czf myweb.tar.gz index.html info.php
准备配置文件
# 获取配置文件
[root@docker httpd]# docker run -itd --name myweb mylinux:latest
[root@docker httpd]# docker exec -it myweb dnf install -y httpd
[root@docker httpd]# docker cp myweb:/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf /root/httpd
[root@docker httpd]# docker rm -f myweb# 修改配置文件
[root@docker httpd]# sed -ri -e 's,^Load.*,#&,' -e 's,^#(.*mod_mpm_prefork.so)$,\1,' 00-mpm.conf
编写Dockerfile
[root@docker ~]# vim /root/httpd/Dockerfile
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN dnf install -y httpd php && dnf clean all
ADD myweb.tar.gz /var/www/html/
COPY 00-mpm.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/
ENV LANG=C
WORKDIR /var/www/html/
EXPOSE 80/tcp
CMD ["/usr/sbin/httpd", "-DFOREGROUND"][root@docker ~]# docker build -t httpd:latest httpd
......
Successfully tagged httpd:latest
验证镜像
# 查看镜像并创建容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images httpd:latest
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
httpd latest c1e854cde1f4 About a minute ago 299MB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --name myweb httpd:latest
cc2b82ad0367172c344c7207def94c4c438027c60859e94883e440b53a860a93# 查看容器地址并访问验证
[root@docker ~]# docker inspect myweb |grep -i IPAddress
[root@docker ~]# curl http://172.17.0.2/info.php
<pre>
Array
([REMOTE_ADDR] => 172.17.0.1[REQUEST_METHOD] => GET[HTTP_USER_AGENT] => curl/7.61.1[REQUEST_URI] => /info.php
)
php_host: 2fbc8c132f7f
1229
[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f myweb
2、nginx镜像
在容器内编译 Nginx 不方便,我们可以在真机编译 Nginx,然后把编译好的二进制打包部署在容器内
编译软件包
# 安装编译工具和依赖软件包
[root@docker ~]# dnf install -y openssl-devel pcre-devel gcc make # 编译安装
[root@docker ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.22.1.tar.gz
[root@docker ~]# cd nginx-1.22.1/
[root@docker nginx-1.22.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-pcre --with-http_ssl_module
[root@docker nginx-1.22.1]# make && make install# 设置默认首页
[root@docker nginx-1.22.1]# echo 'Nginx is running !' >/usr/local/nginx/html/index.html
制作镜像
[root@docker ~]# mkdir nginx# 将编译好的 nginx 打包,这里必须使用相对路径
[root@docker ~]# tar czf nginx/nginx.tar.gz -C /usr/local nginx
[root@docker ~]# vim nginx/Dockerfile
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN dnf install -y pcre openssl && dnf clean all
ADD nginx.tar.gz /usr/local/
ENV PATH=${PATH}:/usr/local/nginx/sbin
WORKDIR /usr/local/nginx/html
EXPOSE 80/tcp
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"][root@docker ~]# docker build -t nginx:latest nginx
Successfully tagged nginx:latest
验证镜像
# 查看镜像并创建容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images nginx:latest
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx latest 645dd2d9a8ec 3 minutes ago 274MB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --name myweb nginx:latest
e440b53a860a93cc2b82ad0367172c344c7207def94c4c438027c60859e94883# 查看容器地址并访问验证
[root@docker ~]# docker inspect myweb |grep -i IPAddress
[root@docker ~]# curl http://172.17.0.2/
Nginx is running !### ngixn 服务为了提高安全性,在启动之后默认会使用 nobody 用户对外提供服务
# 查看 nginx 服务的用户
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -it myweb ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 15:48 pts/0 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nobody 7 1 0 15:48 pts/0 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root 32 0 0 15:49 pts/1 00:00:00 ps -ef[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f myweb
3、多阶段镜像制作
[root@docker ~]# ls nginx
nginx/nginx.tar.gz
[root@docker nginx]# vim nginx/Dockerfile
# 第一阶段编译软件
FROM mylinux:latest as builder
ADD nginx-1.22.1.tar.gz /
WORKDIR /nginx-1.22.1
RUN dnf install -y openssl-devel pcre-devel gcc make
RUN ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-pcre --with-http_ssl_module
RUN make && make install
RUN echo 'Nginx is running !' >/usr/local/nginx/html/index.html# 第二阶段创建镜像
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN dnf install -y pcre openssl && dnf clean all
COPY --from=builder /usr/local/nginx /usr/local/nginx
ENV PATH=${PATH}:/usr/local/nginx/sbin
WORKDIR /usr/local/nginx/html
EXPOSE 80/tcp
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"][root@docker ~]# docker build -t nginx:v1 nginx
4、php-fpm镜像
手工配置服务,并记录配置步骤
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it --name myphp mylinux:latest
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# dnf install -y php-fpm
# 修改配置文件
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# vim /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
38: listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
# 创建目录,并授权
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# mkdir /run/php-fpm
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# chown -R nobody.nobody /var/log/php-fpm /run/php-fpm
# 使用 sudo 且换用户
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# dnf install -y sudo
[root@cbcf3d90c02e /]# sudo -u nobody /bin/bash
# 使用 nobody 启动服务
bash-4.4$ /usr/sbin/php-fpm --nodaemonize
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: [pool www] 'user' directive is ignored when FPM is not running as root
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: [pool www] 'group' directive is ignored when FPM is not running as root
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: fpm is running, pid 1
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: ready to handle connections
[04-Sep-2023 09:58:01] NOTICE: systemd monitor interval set to 10000ms
制作php-fpm镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker cp myphp:/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf ./# 编写 dockerfile 文件
[root@docker ~]# vim php/Dockerfile
FROM mylinux:latest
RUN dnf install -y php-fpm && dnf clean all && \mkdir -p /run/php-fpm && \chown -R nobody.nobody /run/php-fpm /var/log/php-fpm
COPY www.conf /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
USER nobody
EXPOSE 9000/tcp
CMD ["/usr/sbin/php-fpm", "--nodaemonize"][root@docker ~]# docker build -t php-fpm:latest php
Successfully tagged php-fpm:latest
验证镜像
# 查看镜像并创建容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images php-fpm:latest
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
php-fpm latest b2404bd119b0 48 seconds ago 275MB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --name myphp php-fpm:latest
6eeff6af4a6469c298944b2bdd2ba69f32ebcbc6cb683a0a05af4eefbf90e8c1# 验证服务
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -it myphp /bin/bash
# 验证用户
bash-4.4$ id
uid=65534(nobody) gid=65534(nobody) groups=65534(nobody)
# 我们无法直接调用 php 服务,可以通过查看进程验证服务
bash-4.4$ ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME CMD
nobody 1 0 0 16:13 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php-fpm.conf)
nobody 7 1 0 16:13 php-fpm: pool www
nobody 8 1 0 16:13 php-fpm: pool www
nobody 17 0 0 16:13 /bin/bash
nobody 19 17 0 16:13 ps -ef
bash-4.4$ exit[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f myphp
registry仓库
一、安装
# 在 registry 上安装私有仓库
[root@registry ~]# dnf install -y docker-distribution
# 启动私有仓库,并设置开机自启动
[root@registry ~]# systemctl enable --now docker-distribution
二、私有仓库管理
三、客户端配置
所有node节点都需要配置
[root@docker ~]# vim /etc/hosts
192.168.1.35 registry# 修改配置文件
[root@docker ~]# vim /etc/docker/daemon.json
{"registry-mirrors": ["http://registry:5000"],"insecure-registries":["registry:5000"]
}# 重启服务生效
[root@docker ~]# systemctl restart docker
四、上传镜像
# 给 nginx 镜像设置标签
[root@docker ~]# docker tag nginx:latest registry:5000/img/myimg:web
# 上传 nginx 镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker push registry:5000/img/myimg:web
The push refers to repository [registry:5000/img/myimg]
c9d01852a13b: Pushed
......
web: digest: sha256:3e1fc9ad1ee46ee4619c95dc9d71034d919e53abfc size: 952# 上传 php-fpm 镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker tag php-fpm:latest registry:5000/img/myimg:php-fpm
[root@docker ~]# docker push registry:5000/img/myimg:php-fpm
The push refers to repository [registry:5000/img/myimg]
619c95dc93e1: Pushed
......
php-fpm: digest: sha256:619c95dc93e1fc9ad1ee46ee4d71034d919e53abfc size: 875# 上传 httpd 镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker tag httpd:latest registry:5000/library/httpd:latest
[root@docker ~]# docker push registry:5000/library/httpd:latest
The push refers to repository [registry:5000/library/httpd]
95dc9d71034d: Pushed
......
latest: digest: sha256:95dc9d71034d919e53abfc3e1fc9ad1ee46ee4619c size: 968
五、验证测试
# 查看仓库中所有镜像的名称
[root@docker ~]# curl http://registry:5000/v2/_catalog
{"repositories":["img/myimg", "library/httpd"]}# 查看某一镜像的所有标签
[root@docker ~]# curl http://registry:5000/v2/img/myimg/tags/list
{"name":"img/myimg","tags":["web", "php-fpm"]}# 易读格式查看镜像名称
[root@docker ~]# curl -s http://registry:5000/v2/_catalog |python3 -m json.tool
{"repositories": ["img/myimg","library/httpd"]
}# 易读格式查看镜像标签
[root@docker ~]# curl -s http://registry:5000/v2/img/myimg/tags/list |python3 -m json.tool
{"name": "img/myimg","tags": ["php-fpm","web"]
}
六、创建容器
# 删除所有容器
[root@docker ~]# docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)
......# 删除所有镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker rmi $(docker images -q)
......# 使用仓库中的镜像运行容器
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --rm registry:5000/img/myimg:web
2b7cd6d88a7665dbea0a4b3d99478e9f302c0a5661d7676d6d3bd3cb6d181# library 是默认路径,可以省略路径地址
[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd --rm httpd:latest
634766f788d665dbea0a4b39709e0a2cc8624fd99478e9f302c0a5661d767