java:观察者模式
1 前言
观察者模式,又被称为发布-订阅(Publish/Subscribe)模式,他定义了一种一对多的依赖关系,让多个观察者对象同时监听某一个主题对象。这个主题对象在状态变化时,会通知所有的观察者对象,使他们能够自动更新自己。
2 使用
(2.1)结构
在观察者模式中有如下角色:
Subject:抽象主题(抽象被观察者),抽象主题角色把所有观察者对象保存在一个集合里,每个主题都可以有任意数量的观察者,抽象主题提供一个接口,可以增加和删除观察者对象。
ConcreteSubject:具体主题(具体被观察者),该角色将有关状态存入具体观察者对象,在具体主题的内部状态发生改变时,给所有注册过的观察者发送通知。
Observer:抽象观察者,是观察者的抽象类,它定义了一个更新接口,使得在得到主题更改通知时更新自己。
ConcreteObserver:具体观察者,实现抽象观察者定义的更新接口,以便在得到主题更改通知时更新自身的状态。
(2.2)案例
如公众号使用场景,当多个用户关注了某个公众号时,当公众号有内容更新时,会推送给关注了公众号的多个用户。这里,多个用户就是观察者,公众号就是被观察者。
下面以Java为例来实现一个简单的观察者模式:
Subject接口:
/*** 抽象主题角色类*/
public interface Subject {// 添加订阅者(添加观察者对象)void attach(Observer observer);// 删除订阅者void detach(Observer observer);// 通知订阅者更新消息void notify(String message, String status);}
SubscriptionSubject:
public class SubscriptionSubject implements Subject{List<Observer> users = new ArrayList<>();@Overridepublic void attach(Observer observer) {users.add(observer);}@Overridepublic void detach(Observer observer) {users.remove(observer);}@Overridepublic void notify(String message, String status) {// 遍历集合for (Observer user : users) {// 调用观察者对象中的update方法user.update(message, status);}}
}
Observer:
/*** @author xiaoxu* @date 2024-04-20 19:43* learn_java:com.xiaoxu.design.observe.Observer* 抽象观察者类*/
public interface Observer {void update(String message, String status);}
AbstractObserver:
public abstract class AbstractObserver implements Observer{protected String status;public AbstractObserver(String status) {this.status = status;}public String getStatus() {return status;}public void setStatus(String status) {this.status = status;}
}
ObserveUser:
public class ObserveUser extends AbstractObserver{private String name;public ObserveUser(String name, String status) {super(status);this.name = name;}@Overridepublic void update(String message, String status) {System.out.println(String.format("%s接收到消息:%s.原本状态为:%s," +"更新后的状态为:%s.",this.name, message,this.getStatus(), status));this.setStatus(status);}
}
Client(验证上述的效果):
public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {// 创建公众号对象SubscriptionSubject subject = new SubscriptionSubject();// 创建订阅者,订阅公众号subject.attach(new ObserveUser("小徐", "online"));subject.attach(new ObserveUser("小李", "offline"));// 公众号更新,发出消息给订阅者(观察者对象)subject.notify("来看心世界", "receive");}}
执行结果如下:
小徐接收到消息:来看心世界.原本状态为:online,更新后的状态为:receive.
小李接收到消息:来看心世界.原本状态为:offline,更新后的状态为:receive.
(2.3)优缺点
优点:
(1)降低了目标与观察者之间的耦合关系,两者之间是抽象耦合关系。
(2)被观察者发送通知,所有注册的观察者都会收到信息【可以实现广播机制】。
缺点:
(1)如果观察者非常多的话,那么所有的观察者收到被观察者发送的通知会耗时。
(2)如果被观察者有循环依赖的话,那么被观察者发送通知会使观察者循环调用,会导致系统崩溃。
(2.4)使用场景
(1)对象间存在一对多关系,一个对象的状态发生改变会影响其他对象。
(2)当一个抽象模型有两个方面,其中一个方面依赖于另一方面时。
(2.5)JDK中提供的实现
在Java中,通过java.util.Observable类和java.util.Observer接口定义了观察者模式,只要实现它们的子类就可以编写观察者模式实例。
(1)Observable类
Observable类是抽象目标类(被观察者),它有一个Vector集合成员变量,用于保存所有要通知的观察者对象,下面来介绍它最重要的3个方法:
public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o)方法:用于将新的观察者对象添加到集合中。
public void notifyObservers(Object arg)方法:调用集合中的所有观察者对象的update方法,通知它们数据放生改变。通常越晚加入集合的观察者越先得到通知(因为JDK源码是索引从大到小遍历集合中的观察者)。
protected synchronized void setChanged()方法:用来设置一个boolean类型的内部标志,注明目标对象发生了变化。当它为true时,public void notifyObservers(Object arg)才会通知观察者。
JDK的完整Observable类实现如下:
package java.util;public class Observable {private boolean changed = false;private Vector<Observer> obs;/** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */public Observable() {obs = new Vector<>();}/*** Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided* that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.* The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple* observers is not specified. See the class comment.** @param o an observer to be added.* @throws NullPointerException if the parameter o is null.*/public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {if (o == null)throw new NullPointerException();if (!obs.contains(o)) {obs.addElement(o);}}/*** Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.* Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.* @param o the observer to be deleted.*/public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {obs.removeElement(o);}/*** If this object has changed, as indicated by the* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to* indicate that this object has no longer changed.* <p>* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two* arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other* words, this method is equivalent to:* <blockquote><tt>* notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>** @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)*/public void notifyObservers() {notifyObservers(null);}/*** If this object has changed, as indicated by the* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate* that this object has no longer changed.* <p>* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two* arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.** @param arg any object.* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)*/public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {/** a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of* current Observers.*/Object[] arrLocal;synchronized (this) {/* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into* arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.* The code where we extract each Observable from* the Vector and store the state of the Observer* needs synchronization, but notifying observers* does not (should not). The worst result of any* potential race-condition here is that:* 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a* notification in progress* 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be* wrongly notified when it doesn't care*/if (!changed)return;arrLocal = obs.toArray();clearChanged();}for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);}/*** Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.*/public synchronized void deleteObservers() {obs.removeAllElements();}/*** Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the* <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.*/protected synchronized void setChanged() {changed = true;}/*** Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has* already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,* so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.* This method is called automatically by the* <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.** @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)*/protected synchronized void clearChanged() {changed = false;}/*** Tests if this object has changed.** @return <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>* method has been called more recently than the* <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;* <code>false</code> otherwise.* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()* @see java.util.Observable#setChanged()*/public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {return changed;}/*** Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.** @return the number of observers of this object.*/public synchronized int countObservers() {return obs.size();}
}
(2)Observer接口
Observer接口是抽象观察者,它监视目标对象的变化,当目标对象发生变化时,观察者得到通知,并调用update方法,进行相应的工作。
JDK中Observer接口如下所示:
public interface Observer {/*** This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An* application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's* <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's* observers notified of the change.** @param o the observable object.* @param arg an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code>* method.*/void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}
举个栗子,警察抓小偷:
警察抓小偷可以使用观察者模式来实现,警察是观察者,小偷是被观察者,代码如下:
小偷是一个被观察者,所以需要继承Observable类:
public class Thief extends Observable {private String name;public Thief(String name) {this.name = name;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public void steal() {System.out.println("小偷" + this.name+ ": 我偷了隔壁的珍珠奶茶," +"有没有人来抓我。");super.setChanged(); // changed = truesuper.notifyObservers();}
}
警察是一个观察者,所以需要让其实现Observer接口:
public class Policemen implements Observer {private String name;public Policemen(String name) {this.name = name;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}@Overridepublic void update(Observable o, Object arg) {System.out.println("小偷传的arg是null" +"(notifyObservers方法的arg参数):" + arg);System.out.println("警察" + this.name + ":"+ ((Thief) o).getName() +", 站住,你已经被包围了!双脚抱头,倒立站好!");}
}
Client调用:
public class TPClient {public static void main(String[] args) {// 创建小偷对象Thief t = new Thief("采花大盗");// 创建警察对象Policemen policemen = new Policemen("小徐");// 让警察盯着小偷(为小偷添加观察者)t.addObserver(policemen);// 小偷偷东西(被观察者发布事件,会被观察者发现)t.steal();}}
执行结果如下:
小偷采花大盗: 我偷了隔壁的珍珠奶茶,有没有人来抓我。
小偷传的arg是null(notifyObservers方法的arg参数):null
警察小徐:采花大盗, 站住,你已经被包围了!双脚抱头,倒立站好!